PROGRESSIVE LESSONS

• ESE SPOKEN LANGUAGE,

'8 OF COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES,

IND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING THE

OF TONES IN THE PEKING DIALECT

JOSEPH EDKINS,

PEKING

ECOND E&1TIOK

SHANGHAI:

iYTEKIAN MISSION PE

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS

CHINESE SPOKEN LANGUAGE;

LISTS OF COMMON WOKDS AND PHRASES

^ 7

AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING THE

LAWS OF TONES IN THE PEKING DIALECT.

JOSEPH EDK1NS

!,n\l>n.\ MISSIONARY SOriKTY.

,NATO.V/> KDJTIOS.

SHANGHA

I'RFSin'TKPJAX MTS
1804.

PREFACE.

This little work is intended to assist beginners in the Chinese
spoken language. The request has often been made to me, to pre-
pare a simple work in the form of a Vocabulary, as being a want
felt by learners. The attempt is here made to supply this want,
and to provide a manual which may be suitable for those, who wish
to acquire the common phrases of conversation, without attempting
to unravel the more subtle intricacies of the language.

In the first part of the work the standard Mandarin orthography
has been used. It is found in a printed form in the Wu fang yuen
yin ~ff. /J TlC f3 5 a compact and useful native dictionary which
may be advantageously consulted for the sounds of words. Far-
ther on, (57th page) I have adopted the peculiarities of the Peking
dialect, — which are given with great fulness in Mr. Wade's recent
and valuable work "The book of Experiments."

In the Appendix will be found the laws of the Peking dialect in
regard to tones, which will be of assistance to those who may be
perplexed by incongruities, which are here reduced to something
like a sysi

All become really good speakers in this language

aes. The knowledge of this peculiarity in Chi-
great distinctness to what is said, and the dry-
ly is much more than compensated, by the pleasure
readily understood. The difficulty experienced in
distinguishing and learning the tones is much less than is general-
ly supposed.

The tones are marked in this work chiefly according to the stan-
dard five-tone system, or that now prevailing at Nanking, and
in the northern part of Kiang-su and Ngan-hwei. Such is the
system adhered to in the native Mandarin dictionary mentioned
above, and by Prcmare, Morrison, Medhurpt, and 'other authors,

331531

TAHLE OF CONTENTS

Lessons. 32.

Surgery.

1 to 11. Common Words

33.

The Well.

12. Boating.

34.

Dinner.

1.3. The House.

35.

Arresting a Criminal.

14. Money.

36.

Buying Land.

15. The Country.

37.

Tigers.

16. The Body.

38.

Elephants.

17. Conversation.

39.

Silver mines.

18. Tailor.

40.

Water.

19. Society.

41.

Coals at Peking.

20. Messages.

42.

Junk Navigation.

21. Measures.

43.

Furs. [ factures.

22. Worship.

44.

Imported foreign JVlauu-

23. Man.

45.

Foreign Tribute.

24. Time.

46.

Emperor's Seal.

25. Strength and Skill.

47.

Gratitude, an anecdote.

26. Mason's work.

48.

Generosity, an anecdote.

27. Study.

49.

Self-control, an anecdote.

28. Ancestors.

50.

Integrity, an anecdote.

29. Servants.

51.

llules for a free School.

80. Trade.

52.

A Cavern,

31. War.

LISTS OF USEFUL WORDS AND

SHORT PHRASES.

1. Place and Direction.

20.

Precious Stones, etc.

2. Time.

21.

Animal Products.

3. Affirmative and Negative

22.

Exports — Oil, Wax, etc.

Expression.

23*.

Medicines.

4. Common Adjectives.

24.

Miscellaneous Articles.

5. Prepositions.

25.

Colours, Paper, etc.

6. Postpositions.

26.

Various Wares.

v 7. Fragmentary Clauses at

27.

Wood.

the end of Sentences.

28.

Clothing.

8. Conjunctions.

29.

Native Linen and Cotton

9. Names of Imports, Wax,

Manufactures.

10. Incense, Pepper, etc. [etc.

30.

Silk Manufactures.

11. Medicines,

81.

Articles of Food, etc.

12. Miscellaneous articles.

32.

Common Utensils.

13. Marine productions.

33.

Vegetables.

14. Dyes and Colours.

34.

Domestic Animals.

15. Woods.

35.

Birds.

16. Time pieces, Telescopes,

36.

Fishes-.

17. Cotton Goods. [etc.

37.

Cart Furniture, etc.

18. Woollens, etc.

38.

Words Used in Building.

19. Metals.

39,

Liquids

11!

40. Clothing.

41. Sickness.

42. Boat furniture, etc.

43. House furniture.

44. Insects, Reptiles, etc.

45. Common Verbs.

46. Distinctiye numeratives.

47. Significant numeratives.

48. Weights and Measures.

49. Collectives. [ty.

50. Auxiliary nouns of quali-

51. Numeral particles to verbs

52. Phrases at an Inn.

APPENDIX.

I. Tones of the Peking dialect.
II. Tones of Nanking dialect.
III. Tones at Chefoo.

1. T\w. live vowels i. c, a. o. u. when they are not followed by
a final n or ng, have the Italian sound. They are the vowels con
taincd in the words fee, fay, papa, foe, too.

•J. The vowels i, e, when followed bynyormj)are pronounced
ay the vowels in fin^and >j\m. But after i and y, the vowel e is to
be sounded as e in sent. A, o, n, when n and ng follow are un-
affected by that circumstance.

tt. The vowel i is heard like e, in middlg. tass^b anclj±

4. The vowel ii is heard like u, in the French words in, uue.

r>. The vowel e is heard as the first e, in there, or as ea in bear.

(>. The mute and sibilant consonants k, t, p, f, s, sh, ch, are
pronounced as in English. Though sometimes a little softened in
northern dialects, so as to be heard like g, d, b, etc, this need not
be noticed in expressing their proper orthography.

7. An inverted comma above the line follows the consonants
k, t, p, ts, ch, when they are aspirated* In such cases a strong
guttural aspirate closely follows the sound of these consonants.
Pronounce the word Tahiti without the vowel a. This might be
expressed by T'iti, according to the orthography now explained.

8. In the mandarin of the north and the west, the initials h and
s coincide before i and u. The sound formed by this union may
be denominated a sibilant h, or an aspirated s, and the spelling hs
has been proposed for it, but it will probably become sh in the
course of years.

0. In the same dialects, ts and k coincide before the same vo-
wels i and ii. The sound thus formed may be written k, ts, or ch.
It is not plainly defined, and is constantly hovering between these
various phonetic values. After a further period of change, it will
probably determine itself finally into a distinct ch. Every
is pronounced evenly, or with a rising or falling inhV i the

voice, or with a double inflection. It may be pitched high or low,
according to the usage of any particular dialect, and be enur<
quickly or slowly. All words in the language are arranged i
or five large groups, and one of these tones or inflections -V 'Attach
to each. Thus the great class to which each word )
known, by the intonation with which it is habitually pr — „«„„«.

10. The five tone-classes are marked in the following manner:

Tone class.

Chinese name.

Examples.

First tone.

_t ^p shang p'ing

M) ,wu

Hecond tone.

1 . jjj* shang sheng

•ff. 'wu

Third tone.

^* ^ c'hii sheng

^w wu*'

Fourth tone.

A SB juh sheng

S wuh

Firth tone.

~P ^ hia p-'ing

^ .wu

*,,.* For Nanking mandarin, the fourth tone-class or juh
sheng is marked with a final h. In the North, the words of
this tune-class are distributed among the other Ion*1 e]ass<>.
and ihe number of tones is then four,

'':

PROGRESSIVE LESSONS

IN THE

CHINESE SPOKEN LANGUAGE.

LESSON 1.

|£ 'Wo, I. f£ fl 'Wo .men, we.

fft 'Ni, tfiOM. fft tfl 'Ni .men, you.
f& ,T'a, A6.
A -Ten
'jjft^ Shu- muh, frees. ;S'i, «'iV7j.

7jC 'Slmi, ?yafe?\

F 1H , f Aw. ^P 1® Na< ko£, «/*««.

_ A

^ Shi', f^ s. ^P Pull, wo£.

^ Tih, ^i^u of possessive. ^J5 -Lai, come.
^ 1@ A ^P >'fe clie' ko: jen puh .lai^f/ii's wia?i did not come.
: ^\ $j fy$ "wo .men tih .c'hwen, our ship.

I W ^ ?t£a -men tin 3s'1'? th™* sirt"

fj11- j^fff puh shic 'wo .men tih, it is not ours. •

v -J§ f$ ^ clicr' ko' ,shu puh-islii' 'ni-4ili, ^w
6o'.. ".t's.

LESSON 2.

'7'6re ts. $f 'Hau, ^/oot/.

Jx^ "N Mnli 'yci i, 7^at;e wof. >j^ $f Puh 'han, i«c?.

g :.' : li, here. %$ ^ Nac ;li, ^ere.

aig-? /7/,/6- 6w*. ^ ^ Nac yang'S Mat sort.

TsaiS at; in; to be at. ,fft ;,Tu, r///. /-
,To, many. '}? 'Sliau, /ez^.

$? A

t ^\ *— •_•

yk xg

ig 10
ftfii ffl

iic 'hau .jen,thisis not a
.jen 'shau, good m&n are few.
tsai: c^ieC 'li '7eu 'shui, ^,e?*e «s ?6Y^er 7/tere.
clief kof ,si pubjhau, this is not good silk.
i^ |t ,t-a .men ^tu tsai: che^ 'li; they are all

clie^yang' js^muh ;liau; trees of this sort
are good.

^E ft $5 A ^ 4^ chef 'li tih jen puh 'skin, #7«e wc?i here
are notfeiv.

^ W tac ,sliu 'yen 'siau ,sliu mull 'yen,
e arc ^ar^/c looks, but no small ones.

LESSON 3.

^ .Na .lai, irw^.
'Tseu, ««a/Z\
j® ?Tung 7si? f/i-m^.
^ Shen' 'mo,

- .Na k£iic (crliti), take
-^ K'ii4, r/o. [azr«y.

^ fff Shr' .t;sing, a ?>ittWer.
M ft '^a "li, where ?
^ B^p ?Ki .slii', ivhen?
J fuh; clothes. 'ffj PII:.,. cotton clot/i.

.G:lieu, ivoven • silk ; ponycq.^jjfc >P£ing, bottle', pitcher,
10 i)i ^4 S ^ <^hec ko< Vcclieu ki;uic slien-' 7nio7 w/ia£ ^5
?'-s s^7/^ called ? [good thing.

® clie' ko< sb'i>c >nau ?tuno >si: ^'^ ;

na' ^°c .p'ing puh ta'., if7ia# &o#^e is not large.
flR P11^1 s"ni' >W(> '^^ ji ^'u^j they are not my
clothes.

.na ?slui .lai, &r-m^r books.

^ ;tung ;si .na kMie, ^^ the things away.

.c'hwen 'na 'li, where is the boat'/

$ ?l5 >uc 7ki .shi .na .lai.

8

§> che' yangc ,s'i ,to, there is much of this silk
(raw silk. )

i ^ tit ^ ^f* ^C na' yano' shir- muli puh tac, that kind
of tree is not large.

LESSON 4,
'ki, self. ^H ^ litChe* ''moyangc,f/5ws.

, ; whole. 'Tfie» ?mo

- _ * /LL.

^ Koh; eacA ; every. Ifflt Tso', c?o ; make. [how?

&£ ,Sie7 a/ez^; o/. ^P .Ho, ?0i'£/i ; harmony.

j^ ^ Che' ,sie; #7i-is so-?^ of. |^J .T'ung, together witli.
[6] Hiang', towards ; ^o. ^ .T^siiDg, /ro??i ; ^o accord
§f£ Sliwoh, fo sa^/ ; speaking. ^ Yauc, ^o «ya?i^ ; beg: [ivith.
$L @ B ^ ^ j*:a tw£ 'ki mull 'yen, hehimseJfhas it not:
>wo .men .t'siuen k'u1, we 10 ill, all go.

/ni c'hir kiair ,tca .lai, j/o and call him.

ki ^]l'i .t-suiig- Sliangf 'hai .lai, w/Aera
come from Shanghai ?

^^ chc' ;.sie .Jen ,tu shV 'Kwang

,timg .lai tih, these persons ( or ^erso^^s of this sort) all
Canton.

^ koli jen tsi' 3ki shwoli, let each one speak
for : /'.

L S ^ H* ^ .t'siuen slu* clie* 'mo yange, ^ is «7? so.
j§ ])uli tsoc shenc 'mo, 7^e c?oes nothing.

fe

'//is cZo^7i made ?

1 5JR ft' ft£ ^ .c'hen 'na 'li tso* till, ivhere is woven silk

Wt M* 5?C ^ hi-ng< ,tca. sliwoh yauc ,i'-fuh,
that he wanted clothes.

LESSON 5.

$fa K i ), give. \ 'Liau, sign of the past.

3S" TTwa\ lannuane : words. ~S Hwa^, picture : to draw.

M W J J -ir=i. ' *

' interrogative.

I lung. red. -w!" ,Kin.

f*\ .Men, door. /f ,Kin, a catty ; H ft>s.

>— *-* i y 4

Jfj 'Sic, £o tor ite. ^p Tsi'*, characters.

fjj O , Chung kwoh, China. $t\* 0 Wai* kwoh, foreign.
$fl^E Hien' tsai', at present. O^ ffi .Hwang ti', emperor.
~fc |||y)Tffi .ya^g, £/te swtt. ^ ^ Yueh Jiang', £/w? ??^oo?^.

§Pih. pencil j pen. ^R^filii, paper.

^ T^'wo?/or we. ^(^'.C'hajj^i, ^ea m ^.«/.

^ J -^J- IJ/B 'sie 'liau tsi'c .ni; 7iave yow written ?

^p" fill ^R Jl9 kin ( ?k<3i ) ,t:a ?chi yuiig^, give him paper to

use.

-J- .na pili .lai 'sietsi'c; h? 'ing a pencil 'to write.
'yen ko* .hung .men; ^ere «s a red door.
tt * ^" .nahwa: .laikfanc, bring pictures for me to see.
j nienC tsa^ -bwang tif 'liau tih, ^e 2?^-
emperor is good.

mufe '7eu yueh liangf, *7iere «"s wo moonlight.
tcaif .yangxfc'ai' taf, #7te 6^m 45 very powerful.
<a ^n ;i ^u^ -hung, 7w's clothes are red.

LESSON 6.

— ' Yih, one ; a. >?7 Luli or lien/, s^.

H Ei', two. -t T'sih, sevew.

:==: ,San, #7iree. /V Pah, e/(/7^.

PH Si'f,/owr. J/L 'Kieu, w-mc.

3£ 'W\i,Jive. + Sh'ili, few.

/g Koc, nnmeral for men, etc.2jC 'Pen, rooif, numeral for
^ 'Mai, i?/.;//. ^ Maic, sell. (!><••

j^f Yungf, fo wse; ea^. j^§ yv Yung' .jen, servant.

6% ?^ ,C-hwen5 iomge
'niOj[!|f :fl| 'Hiau tch, /o

t^sih kof yungc .jen, scvew servants.

yauC ?san ^^ ^°S ^ «^«w# three or four.
i JT ^ J^inaiK'tm ,kin .ccha yeh, Zwy /ve
o/ fea.

A. 'ma^ 'cni> ^n -Jenj ft wiaw who sells paper.

.c'hwen .hung ;i fuh, hep^on red clothes.

.Neng,

t

• — '- 113 !»!£ -na 5san koc ?^cn»? bring three lamps.

' i@ J^. /B ;*Pr ^UR k°" -Jen yunSc -c^ia? SKB mew took lea.

— ' 2J£ ^H" 'mai yih- 'pen ,sliu^ Zm?/ a book.
" Ji ^ 9^ ^ W c^e<: 'li Pu^ -neno ?ma^ jsl^11? here books
cannot be bought.

J* weic shenc ?mo puli c'liiiS why do you not

go f

LESSON 7.

Kfan^ to see.

.C'ha, to seek.

-y* .Hiai tsr, shoes.

^ £uli Jdcir, to lost ; Zos£.
,Slnvah, to bruslt.

It /ring, ,

e.^f TingS i

'Tseu luS to loallv. \vj£ ManS sloio \ sloidy.
'j^ KcwaiS sharp ; quickly jy^jf ,Tau, knife ; sivord.
^ FanS ^'^ce. [soo?i'jfe':y|R C'lii'hfanS take dinner.

^tj" 'Hau, well', good ; done, ep* Hioli (.hiau),
^ ,T:ien, heaven ; <i«?/; ivea-fyjfa TiS earth.
Shanes above. \ther. r* Hiac, below.

— •• — * O 7 L. I y

^ ffi ^5 ^ T ?tung jsi l)Un ki611/ ^iau? ^^
^S'J ill i@ 5?C W sliwah ehe' koc ,i fula, Z>r?*s/i

ting- .na koc .men, w«i7 that door.
man4 man4 ?tseu, walk slowly • ?6'a^7 a
§• Jj^t 'tseu hr' k-\vaif, 7^e walks fast.

Jfe^'si 'hau 'ni till lienS wash your face well.
fc J?j 5Q" puli 'hau k'anS wo# good to see.

] ^ ~~F* shwah .liiai 'tx'i^brush shoes.
$ Jl^t ^7J ?R •ria k'wai' j^au .lai, irm^ a sharp knife.
.:fe ?R 'l^t T 5^ -lai kCwaic 'liau, he icill come soon.

are

LESSON 8.

& ,Sheng iS ^^

KweiS c?e«r ; honourable.

Jeli; 7«o^.

^ ,T'ien 'li, m the f elds.
TsienS cheap ; jpoo-r.

'Long,

~jf> 2§^Puhyauc. I do not w ant. ^^ Heh (,hei), black.
'IS SJ| -Man .t-'eu, bread. [±J Poll (.pai), tt/7i#e.
3fJ- Ws Shi4 ^'H a waiter. Jlp -^T ,Shen 'ts'i, body.

JfL« 'Tsau, early. pf^J 'fJU 'Liang kof, fit'o.

> _ f ^ |7pt

•^^ jl^^1^? now. ^=^ \)j%, /Yen liion:, ?K

Aj) ,Sin, heart; mind. ^ :'Kci "(7c4ii), r/se ; begin.

^ Hv --"T* ^^ Kwei" till puh yauf, -?/ dear, I do not luant it.
ijj[ iH Tjl R^ che' ko: 'ting tsien', this is the cheapest.
dgjj pQ ^> -^ tau' .t'ien 'li cchi\c, ^/o «i^o the fields.

'ni .lai puh 'tsau, you have not come early.

- ^ ® ?R ,tcien jell Vlii .lai, the iveather is groioinghot.

• J^- ^1 ^ ^\J jt'ien 'leng yau" ,ccliwen tih, when the wea-
ther is cold I shall wear it.

jslicng r puk 'hau, trade is lad.
.jen 'yen hien', there are f civ men.

people eat bread.

M 6xf ^ S ^ ty ^ie^ t^1 ;to l)e^ tih '^iau; ^ere are

many Hack, but few white.
pM jf* &E ^ ^ 'liang , kin .hung .crha ych, ^^o catties

" ^ -,,.'•-

o/ Z>Zac7j fe«.
•?• — ^ ?TV ;tyau .Hie .lai, co?/ie earlier.

fe ^ ^. *Q® ;f'a puh 'hiau-tch shi
matters.

LESSON 0.

'Hen, exceedingly (initial).^ $£ Tt-h ?li

', .Mien ,hwa, co«o?i. ^ ^ Twair' ?tsi,

icA.

^liAvaii";1, a. par.
3 .KijfoivL
.Yang, sheep : goat.

\j '( si eu, wi't •

fig r^l C'hlh Jill:

$j .Chn, ^/:/.

>$C ft 'wr? kk-ir sing- liiing4, to save life.

LESSON 12. BOATING.

;5t 4fejSicn,sheng, s/Y; teach-y^ .Chen, true.
ffjff Hwa', words. [er-H ffi Shi'h tsar,

$g g^.C4iwen'clni,c7^>/7;o^-i^ /ring, to stop.
Jj§ Sff ^a -Vw-i jetty. [man.j& -Yau. to scw#.
S .Man, anchor. ^ .P'au,

).PCeilg, 6Y///. ^, 'C'lll,

Hia-', ^o let fall. ^ 'Lu, «

Tsiaiig"', oar; ^o ro^. |!|f Shun1, favourable.
)|J§ .Jv^ai .c-'lnven, tojslgrt.fy ^ Hiangtf .tung, to go east.
.C^hau ''sliui, tide. t® ^ ,Si ?pien, ivestward.

§.Nan; south. ^ Q'Peli mien', northwards.

. .Sieu, #o repair. >f££ 'Wang; ^o //o. [szV.^

^C 4*. ®J ^5 M jsicn jslieng tau4 ''na 'li, ^/icre M;/^ ?/o?^ go,
JS ff vfe iffi liien* tsalc ,p:au .man, not^; cast anchor.

P3 i!3 A. ^ ilB >s'ic ivo- .jcn .van .rliwen, /(>?/?* ?/ir?? c/?'c

77. ^^—^

sculling.

'Vang ,tung 'tseu. «/o ^o #7*e eastward.
"4" Wang' .nan ,pien c'lilif, ^70 ^o ^e southward.
-^ kSvai' k'wai' Vhiilp'enp:, m/se ^e -SY/// quickly.
'fcfe "f^- k:\vaic k'wai* .van, sciiTT quickly.

clien sliiMrwjii- .c'liwen. ^ /s

'r '(

$i$ W f '''in (if.

i a

Mi [flj :ilr I ' started.

$f M :^E M ^e Joa^

kiau11 .c-liwen 'cliu .lai, crr^ ^//e boatman here.
LESSON 13. THE HOUSE.

,Kwan; to shut.

K;cli .

^ .T-aug, 7m//. t$ ,T-'i, stairs.

W $7 ;Shu -fang, library. $jj. Choh; table.

JlIpan, ^n S % cl(alr>

.Leu, tqrper-stonj. (J|c .C'lnvang. &£,/.

Jt -Leu sluing', upstairs. lf[Jf -J- Chang4 ''tsY, curtain.

T .T-siang, w«#.

;Ho .lu.y/

wan .])0 ,ii .,cw/liw«ing,, close the fjlaw windows.
ano ?^ 'ycu tj'n? ^ ^ "i the

library.

open.

Jl Sal fn

above.

on .men puh ,k£ai, £//e /ro?

[wall

!U.d vili .t'iau .c-lmng .t',siang. build a loiuj
o* jP1"011 ^ai"' ^eu? ^w^? an

-'eh jen ts^.tsai^ .t:ang slmng-', the
guests are sitting in the half.

-t i^.'W -S -1GU sliang4 muh 7yeu ?k;ung? £//ere ?',s wo
space upstair.s.

'o]l •^aa« mu]l 'ye«^ ?1)^"; ^e rece^-

7/as ??.o ivooden floor.

I^ 'c^111 -Jen tso' •nan; ^e Caster sits to the south-
ivard.

LESSON 11 MONEY.

^a| .Tfsien, money ; cash. ^ 'Chan, to make up money.

7^ ^ .Yang .t'sieri, dollar. J^ 7^ jYi^g -yang, J/cx. r/o/-

P3 H ^"' ?k'ai; shilliny. $jt ~P -Yin 'tsT, szYver. [?ar.

^flS Clii'li, to be ivorth. ^jg .Hwan, return -n

^ ^. Tui' hwanc, exchange. ^ ^ ,To '>s1i.an7

P^ Tsien4, ^oor ; cheap. Tff s . Shic sliang4, f?i the mar-

ket.

jl[ Kwei/, honourable; dear. $f i. ,Kiai sluing', «t ^7^e
g|^^ 'Chang 7c'lii .M^T'ai', too. [street.

rise higher, (e. g. price of dollars ; also of the tide rising. )
— • ppj Yih 'Hang, tqel] ounce.&% .T'sien, mace ; I-Wth of an
ft ,Fen3 eandarccn; 1-lOOth ^ ~K.io\i, tenth of a dollar, [oz.

of an oz. or dollar.

yM ^^ tur hwanc .yailo •t*sion; change the dollars.

11

\ Zl |= S] a ;chjm ?ni iT pch kcr .t-'sion, 7/w/ you
two hundred cash. \ Jars /

^ fit "?¥ -to'sliaii ,ying .vsing, ^/(}'w W"?/ Mexican dol-

frf J^, slir shaiii*4 mull toll ''intti. none to he bought
in the market.

& M 1^f vK 3tuii£ ,si kwci: teh 'lien, thetJti/ir/s are very
dear.

'/{/Id ^5 ^ .yang kicV 'clmng 7c:lii .lai, the price of the
dollar is rising.

$jj\ ~^ p|^ ml ^ Jiwan 'ni yih 'liarig rr' .t''sien. I return
you one tael and two mace.

71} PQ ^ .san kioli sr ,fon; three-tenths and four-hun-
dreds of a dollar ; 34 cents.

-y* J{^ ^fc K^ .yin ;-tsi liien^t§aic tsien^ at present silver
is cheap.

^ M ^';l' -t''sien far kwei\ the price is too much.
puli cluli .t'sicn, «Y z'-s ?iO^ worth anything.

LESSON 15. THE COUNTEY.

Ten jliiangj ?/??/ villaycJSi Cluing* tic, ifo
jHiang liia'', m the vil-^f\ Cliuh, bamboo.

,T-'sun, a village, [lages.^ 'Li, Chinese mile.

)^ jFiing Jiang, coo£. rr. M. ?San/li3 English mile.

ijLjl&w&'t'sB.UyJlowersaiidjqz ig, ;Tseu *yuen, i^;a?/j /ar.
grass. H\. tlieh,, ^o res^.

4p ;Kin .nicn; f/i/s year, ^f* 'fp Pull p^i'; not fear.

^n.Youwan'?^a^/or^^a-j5l j^§- Kinf luf; near road.

^* Yali 'ts'f, duck, [sure.^jf ^ Hwei£ 'tseu; can ivalk.

^.K'enijoh, watch duGka,1^ ^ ,Sin 'k'u, tired.

3£ ~1r 'Siau -hai 'tsV, little^ fa ,Fung 'shui, w/wdf

'Chwang, cluster of houses -

stead.

'Yen ,t'sii, ^re^y. SlJ Kwah, to Now.
IIP ~p i tauc Jiiang hiac c'liii^ r/o into the country.

12

J$ _, r /\. jhiiing liiaf Jen, countryman.

f S lE "S* J sliaii<r'',kiai sh'i' c'hii' Tiau, £o c/o to market.

•— * I y -*^ *fc— » -* V - <^ , " c/ •>**._

B" W| tK[ xV >k'ari yah till Jen. a duek-keeper.
* ^f|5 P ^S ^ tsar ."hiarig liia' ,ki .to. in UK <•• wintry foivls
arc numerous. ^_

'tseu 1"*' ^'n :k:u,x lie walked till he was tired
,san sr 'in^;'T^ree or four le.
$ K ^[\J ^ ^4 ,t:sun sliang- tih peh sing4, i^Ae people of
the vil/ayc.

^JN ^ "? jhianp; liia' '"siau .liai 'tsi, villaye children.
IM5 P j£ _C ^liu' tsai*' jhiang hia£ ,cliwang shangf,
Tte /ti^.s /'•« a country hamlet.

, f^ ^& ^ & c^oi -t-iau luf puh kin^ this road is not
near.

?^'unS 'shui 'hen 'hau, tlie position is very good.
fe JH ^ lv\yah 'c'hi .lung .lai, it begins to Uoio.

JM, Pun P^^ ^ 'yuen, he does not fear the distance.
'ffi. 'tseu lu' kcwai', he ivdlks quickly.

't-sau 'yen ,tfsii? thefloioers are pretty.

tsai' chuh .liri 1i .yeu wan', wander for
pleasure in bamboo groves.

r /s ??o coo/ place.

LESSON 1G. THE BODY.

| .Shen 'tc'i, the body. ?g SI(K'oh .t'eu, waAv

'Yen ,tsing, eyes. ^ Tai', ^o carry.

Hiah, &?mc?. I$P .Hien, hold in the r,,<

Chan 'sheu, cut off theyfo Chan', stand.
^ .T'eufah, hair. [hand.$fa .P'au, ^o run.
T;i', s/iave. ^ Wo', hungry.

^ Tsui' 'li, in the mouth .^L T'iau',y-Mmp. [So

Tae kioh, large feet. $jiffi Kwei< pai', fcwce?
Hiung .fang, the chest J& ^ .Sin .c'hang,

,T'ang, ^o lie down.

Moh, #o touch. .Sheng ping', to be. sick.

R HS J 'yen jtsing hiah 'liau, he is blind.
^fe / ^C ^§ jSheng ''liau tapping', he has had severe illness.
j£§ ffi {?§ _t .p'au tsar In* shang', running on the road.

chair Vhi .lai, stand up.

±,t'ang tsai* .c'hwang shan«-f, he is lying in bed.
O O O J i/ *7

^ tar tsar 'sheu 'li, carry in the hand.
— " ^ ^jf 'sheu moh yih rnoh Iran', touch it ivith your
and see. [very long.

'f* <|R ^ .t*eu fah puli 'hen .c'hang, his hair is not
v'o 'i t'iaii'' hiac .lai, you can jump down.
^ ^3JL jj|^ kwei* hia*' .lai pai: 5tca, kneel down andbow
to him.

k jic }$tt\ SS PUQ yair t:i"' -t'eu, Jo wo^ s/^ave yom* /ieacZ.
~^^» "**-}•' 1 1 /•£* sy^- *^ — * ? ? o ? 5

««7/i«# 45 lie holding in his mouth.

LESSON 17. CONVERSATION.

--JArt

rei'sing^. your name? *g- ?Tsun, honourable.
.Ming, proper name. HC .Han, cold\ mean] my.

Hau:? literary name. }jji C'liu', a place. [name?
tlji KAvei- ti£; your home ? |Hj ^4 ,Kau sing*, your high

"gf [^ She- hiaf, my cottage.
•& Ling-, honoured', your.
|jj£ Pi . poor; mean; my.
I** Kj) Ling£ .lang. your son.

Kweic ,keng, your age '/
Suic, years of age. [er.
jg. Ling' .t:ang, your moth-
W 'Pau ,kiuen, i/owr ivife.
jij} ,Tsun .kia, you.

[ness.

^ Kwei' ,kan, your busi-
^ Kweitf yeh, 3/0 w ^'ac?e.

'TVi k'eh, at present.

Hien( ,kin, ditto.

[children.

* .Kia ,kiuen. ivife
ng valuable.

i, of/ier.

^L Wer, numeral for men.
yt 51 W- -& jSien-jSlieng ,tsnn whig-', teacher., what is your

honourable name ?

M )f5* $ft S kwei^Jfu Jna 'li? ?^Aere fs yo^r honourable
home ?

'ki-.shi tauc pi£ tif. ?^^% did you come here ?

14

H

— ' kwei' kwoh sin' 'na yili kwoh, q/1
kingdo in we you ?

,kin .nien kwei' ,keng, how old are you this
j^W 'ni .lai slii'li 'mo kwer Jean, cm what
affair have you come ?

J*<$ ^ H& ling' Jang '"Id sui', Tiow oft? ?'.s ?/owr soft?
W ^E -^ ^Efpa-ii jkiueit) tsaitf puh tsaif; «s ?/o?«r «M/e

or wo^?

pieh liaii^ .ni, what is your literary name 1
!~Kf IS i$ niuh 'veil pieh till sliwoli hwa^ I have
nothing more to say.

M $t \& ft J§ $• ?t:yi< k'eh .lai tsoc sliih ^mo si'S ««
present wliat have you come to do ?

LESSON 18. TAILOR.

lift .Tcsai .fung? a tailor. 3tH: 'Nieu, button. [work.

\ ,Chen, needle. ' 1C Yih ,kung; one day's

.Lau, lasting; strong. §tt D 'Nieu Jk*eu, 'buttonhole.
-y- Yangc 'tsi, pattern. f§ -^ .P-'au 'tsi, ^7«c& ro&e.
.Fung, a seam; to sew.

Ta' .ni, woollen cloth.

,Sha, gauze. [ments.|f| T'arig', to iron.

Kien', numeral for gar-^ ^ ,Si sienf; silk thread.

Mien sienc, cotton thread.
'Ti,chen;£7wmiWe; need-
leguard.

K'u' 'tsT, troiosers.
JIu ,cheu, crape.
Hen* .lai, ct/ifer.

— ' T "k 'J ? tso^ y^1 kienf .c'liang pu* ;slian; make a
long cotton robe. [side.

15 -funS tsaii clieC -m^en; place the seam on this

B^S ^5 HI "J^ -na -

cloth and cut out the pattern.

M 1^
1^ ^

lasting.

\j) Pel' ,siE; ivaist coat.
J 'Tsicn ,tau, scissors.

'Ma kwa^ jacket.
.C4iang ,shan;

robe.

'Twan, shan,

Hair ,shan, ^/r
,Sien,/rs^.

serr

so

IS

' TT ™& ft|*yih kieir' 'ma 'kwac, one jacket.
$Jt PM ff1 M JPl %£ tso< 'liang kieir .Ian .c'heu ,shan; make
two blue silk goivns.

"3F* ?sien tsien' yang' 'ts'i, c/?rs£ cut out the pattern.
1C tso' 'liau /liang .kung, / have done two day's
flf ,cfliwen 'c'hi .lai kfan:,_29-z^ it on and see. [work,
$f J fae .ni ;tcsai 'hau 'lian, the doth is already cut.
?$ "?* yil"1 .t'iau .ui kfuc 'ts'i, a pazV of cloth trow-

\

sers.

'nuiu 'k-cu tcai* 'siau, the button hole Is too small.
LESSON 19. SOCIETY.

Vt

X

.P'eng 'you, friend. Q ^ .Liang ,sin, conscience.

'Lau sliih, honest. jjsJC g Tsoc ,kwan, be in office.

T:in liiiigc; conduct. '||| f^ ''Tung teh, understand.

,Twan 3 fang, upright. ^" ~J-" 'Lan 'tsi, father.
'T'iau ?so, soio discord.yjfc .Niang, mother.

>r-^sa -nien; ?^e. /@ ^J5 .T'sai .lai,y^ come.

P'eng^ kienf, to meet. ^ Ija: 'Chang peitf, superiors.

,Hwang .t'ang, ?tc5. /][§ ^ 7Li maue, politeness.

6| ,Siang 'u, mutually. 0|j £j .Ming peh, c?ear ; know.

Shange tangc,

snares.

C teu;
^ sib

down.

'Tseu Jhau, step careful-
$| ^' Wan peic, inferiors, [ly.
tell chec ko£ .jen? Jc/o not know

this man.

-jy-.* * ,%

* ^* JL

yauc shangc tang-, do not fall into a snare.
ftSj JL J § -"fcca shangf 'liau tangc, he is fallen into a snare.
tip} 4& •ft ig ^- 't'sing tsof tsai* chec 'li, please sit here.

'ni' su'ic 'charig pei:7 yow arc superior.
Jj$L S T 'wo Jnon su'i' ?wan pei' 'liau,
your inferiors.
$ft 10 J$ ^ ^ ^ ^ na' ko: .p'eng 'yen puh 'lau sh'ih,

that friend was not to be trusted.
)lti ® £Kl fS" jliwaug .tfang till hwa', /y

are

^ T ^au ''ts* •11^lllo kwo" 'linn, hi* father and
mother are no more.

'tsa .men 'tung tell, ive understand.

O

Jiang .sin puh Jhau, 7«'s conscience is at fault.
•$£ ^ $1 10 A> ''t'iau ,so pieh kcr .jen, Ae so-ewrf discord

among others.

<OJ "W /IS ^S 'nen 'yeu '^ lnauS he has very muck politeness.
ftfc ^ i$t W ^i ?twa }TauC tso' ;^van -ri'j ^e wishes to be a

mandarin. [has just come.

— ' 10 ffl A. 1^ sfc y^1 ^°C yunoc -Jen -t>sai -^J? « servant

card.

LESSON 20. MESSAGES.

P;ienc 'cli'i, visit iny]^ %$ ,T-'ungpair', announce.
' kc eh, escort yuests.tt ffi Kair' sii', inform.

^ .Na sin', take a letter. Jpp y^ Kioli .fu. a runner.
pf Tai' sin', carry a letter. *% <fB ,T'iau 'tan, carry h

'•^ ,0:hai, scjif? (a person).

-.-^ Ki-, sewc/ (letter or parcel).
Tsieu^ .lai. come directly.^ \^ 'Tseu sinc, travel with let-

^^ .T;ai, to carry (of two per-f^ ,^0 Sinc kiili, letter office.

sons). [he is.

59 2>C Wen: ,ngan, as/j /ioz^,^ ^ .C'hi 'ina; ^o r/t?c.
^ j|^Snr .c'hwen, letter boat. ~\^ ~f* .Siang ''tsi, chest.
-~ ^ Yih ,pau, one parcel. j/j[ %fy 'Li wuli, presents.
1% W Sie' siec, thanks. ffi 3Fimg, numeral of letters.

p'ien- ''elu' c:liiic? take a card andpresentit.
ungf kcch tair' .c'hwen sliang- , escort ^(3
visitors to the boat. [to your home.

R ~ic "t{1^ >s^ir ttur' ,kia Mi c;ln"r, take a letter
^* 'tseu sinc till .nac'hir', the postman took it.
.liwei sinc puh yauc, ?^o answer is wanted.
wonf ,tfa jiigan .sic ?sie ,t% as/j
thank him.

•Hi — ' 1@J A. ,cchai yih ko: jen, send a man.
ffi Ifl ^ I±I ''^ ;tjing .ining pel), inquire ft'.Uy.

17

I t^ &*f fe M, wen' 'ni till 8inc sili. «6'/j we?/;.? respecting
you.

* Wf fffl 5% ^ yfv kauf sir ,t'a tsieuf yair .lai, sfc/7 7m^
come at once. [presents.

jjjlf $7 'Hang ,pau 'li wuh? two parcels containing
[ (5J ^ sK yfS -t'ai si'c chili .c'ha ,siang, carry four tea
chests.

i f$i ^ ^ ?lj s^n" .c'hwen mull 'yen tautf, ^7/e ^e^er boat
has not arrived.

IT $ i? snno* y^1 filu8 s'm'> take one letter, [horseback.
.c'hi ;ma kcwaic kcwaic 'tseu, go quickly on
'tscu tsin: cchii: ,tfung pau:, 170 m and an-
nounce it. [shoulders.
2§ ^ jt'iau jtung ;si cshii:, carry these things on your

LESSON 21. MEASURES.

[j>/ecc.

"71 jSheng, |>m^ measure. /t Pfih, 40 t/ee^ o/" cloth] a
y]C 'Mi, r'/ce. :^T ''ang*. column of char i : afars.

•^p ?Teu? ^e?i slieng. nj Kti4, sentence. [hours.

pffi ^ .Mien fQ\\, flour. H"^p ^ .Shi heuc, f?/;o English

^f Huh, /re ten. ^lj K'eh, quarter of an hour.

/p ^^'Siaumeh(maic), ^7/er^.^ Yueh, a month.
|jfJ[,Kang, ^^'^e earthenn wat&JE. SJ Chengc yueh, Isi month.
^jfa ;rinung, a cash [vessel. $fa ' Nun, full.
p^ 7K '^u 'shui, ram water. JJF Puf, 5/ee^ (land measure).
^$t ,Kcung, empty. gjX "Men. 240 square pue.

^j|f Ung^ ^ar^e earthern luater^i Kwo*, ^o _pfflss.
^ Kcu-, sufficient. [vessel^ Hia:, to fall; let fall.

' 71 ^N ^f* ^ P^ yih .sheng 'mi puh keu' c^h'ih, a pint of
rice is not enough for him to eat.

JP? PR 10 7K % 'mai 'Hang koc 'shui ,kang, buy two large
water vessels.

dh koc .sili' lieu', owe Chinese hour.
ppt yih kii* puh shwoh, 7^e did not utter a sentence.
yih kii: hwa* puh keuf, one sentence is not
enough. . [four hours.

M T PM US 8$ ^ kwoc 'liau 'Hang koc .shi heue, after

•^P Km ' I® y3 1)U^ 'man yih koe yueh, «o£ a full month.
23 4£ ^ ffi slC chih jk'tuig ,siang,/ow empty trunks.
^T* >M rH /T Puh kw</ sr 3km? not more than four catties.

— W 0 Hh ^ "^ SA ai peli si< sliTh pu< yih 'meu, 240
square pit make one men. [piece.

P3 "f" /^ — '/B s'i£ sli'ih c'li'fli yih pcih, /o?% /ee^ ??za/je o?ie
~p "^J — ' /i shi'h t:,sunf yih cchi'h, ten inches one foot.
~\ /v ' 5C s^1 c'hih yih chaiig', ten feet one chang.
^X rn p^ ^C jk(UDg ,san 'liang ,tfien, at leisure for two or

three days.

^f- ' Till iM -na y^1 't'ung 'tsicu, 5r/«^ a ca-s/j of wine.
IE J3 ^ ^ S chengc yueh 7li puh ,kcung, wo^ a# leisure

in the first month.
*ji) P^ ^ ^ 'sio 'liang tcangf tsr', wn'fe «/e?(; columns of

characters.

— ' ^lj Hi ^ yih k'eh ,kung ,fu; « quarter of an hour's ioork.

'Sb 7K ^ ft tsaif 'shui ,kang 'li, in the water tuls. [fell.
V® 5lJ — H,^>li} 'mail tau£ yih crliili ;to ,kau;
more than a foot high.

LESSON 22. WORSHIP.

Par. to worship. Jt ^ ghang' ti<,

»54* en t 7 /rn . \ ITT ;s£W , .,

}§[ .SheritauVgrocw (Tst.).jtl ip Yiuiti,^o

.Slien .ming, ditto. j§| ^Miau:'yu? Tauist temple*.
^ Fuh; Buddha; Buddhas. ip£ ,T^sien; bamboo divining

rods.
c* ^§ ,Pfusah, Buddhist dei-!^. i^.K'ieii jt'sien, to divine.

ties (2nd class). J\j) )P$ ,Sin .slien, soz«?.

^ ^ .Lo hanc, do. (3rd class). >}c p^ .K'ieu 'ii, pray for rain.
Shi'f yuenf, Buddhist^ f\ty.T's-di.shei\godof riches,
monasteries. [priest. [ones (Tauist).

.Ho shang4, BuddhistEL ^| ,San ,tfsing, three pure
'*& ;Kurig tehj merit. ^ it Tail' sh'r, Tauist priest.

cense. . ones (Buddhist). [ers.

\ $k 5 Shan 'chi', burn paper. $fc ^Nicir' ykingrckantjgray-

11)

Full kiauc, Buddkit&k ,T'ien sbang', to add.
religion.

fgj |jij* Mien' .tk'sien, before. ||| ^ Jvwan ?yin; goddess of
Peli sing', £7/.e people. y$Q 3CFu' 'nil, ivomen. [mercy.
ft If #4 ^ ffc $J ^ che< 'li peli* sing' par Fuh tih
,t<>, #7?.<? people here mostly worship Buddha.
iH ffi ^ ^ ^? -P*u sahmien* .t'sien 3shan ,hiang, &?^r^
incense before Bu sah.

^ ft "i miauf 7ii 'li c'lii!', to go into the temples.
^ ff| >|c ijl; Veu si'c .t^sing .k'ieu ,t'&ien, if anything has
happened inquire of the gods l>y divination.

Ht S$ ft\I ^ Pa^ •t*sai <s^en ^ ^t()5 ^05e wno worship
the god of riches are many.

^t 'W ^ ^ ^u^ kiau* 'yen ,san 'pan, ^7ie Buddhist re-
ligion has the Three precious ones.

^ ^ El *^| tail' kiau' 'yen ,san .t\sing? ^6 Taw?',s-# re-
ligion has the Three pure ones.

^| ^ "j^ /\ j@ .lo han* 'yeuslrihpahko';#7^rearee^-
Lohans.

i@ ^?^ (3 A Jsien 'yeu slii'h. lull ko' Aval' kwoh
.jen, at first there were, sixteen foreigners.
^ ^ PM i@ tf* H A ^ ± heu' .lai 'yen 'liang ko(
,chung kwoh .jen ,t'ien shang*, and after wards two Chinese
were added.

£ Tf |5% IS -to sliang' chu' tsai' shif yuen* 'li,
Buddhist priests live in their monasteries.

E A. jshau 'chi pai( Js'i jen, burn paper to wor-
ship the dead. [not rain.

T^ PR £Kl B^P ^ Pun n^a' 'ti *^ -sa1' ^euS ^^ew ^ does
-t JH ^ M jkwan ,fu shang' miaii' .k'ieti 'ii, the
mandarins visit the temples to pray for rain.

LESSON 23. MAN.

.shen, #7*e Z/oc7?/. j> .Neng k
.Ling .hwen, ^e soul, 'fjl */§* Fnh hwoh, live again.
'Ynng 'yuen, eternal, ^ji ^ Fuh ,seng? live 'again.

,Seng c'huh .lai,-

born. \_ous.

/mj ff .Wei shan-'. to bevirtu-
m lit G'huh slri', 7-orra 2Wo

ill*- world.
^b /h .T^ung 'siau, /Vom «

boy. [man.

^ A. ^ ''Lau .jen ,kia? o7f?.
;Ot ^ ^,C'liapuh.to;

nearly.

age.

.C'hang sheu',

?Scng ping', £o 7;e s/c/j.
jEpuh .lai, incur-
Ten fen', duties, [able.
Teh kieufc', 7;e

'

Sinc

mn

.Ye ,su,
|^.Slnili tmr, redeem from
sin. [heaven.

Shang£ ,t'ien, ascend to

Kiauc, to cause. [ honest.^ §fc 'Hwei 'kai? repent.
jj, Chung heuS/«^/«7a?i^g ^g ,Siang sin', believe.

'Tsung

Jul1 ?shen 'tsung yau' 'si, the body miist die.
ing -bwen puh 'si. «(Ae sozi7 c7oes ?^o^ die.

v-«^ _,. .^ * , _ -» *_zt±»

*/R ™ ?]^ JSi hwoh tauf 'yung 'yuen, live forever.

A Ul ttt ^ ^ p|5 Jen c'huh shl' till heu£ .lai, men from

their entrance into the world and after.
^ S W I? .t'siuen sh'r' 'yen tsui-', all have sin.
ffi J iji 1Ji fp* 'si 'liau lieu4 fuh hwoh, to rise again after
death.

° ?su slnili tsui', Jesus redeems from sin.

A^ tsuif shl' .Ye ,su sliuh till, s-m «s ran-
somed by Jesus.

puh 'k'eng ,siang sin', not willing to believe.

ping' ,i puh .lai, the disease cannot be cured.
LESSON 24. TIME. „

w7. .C'hang, constant.
•^ ^CHeu',t'ien,c7a?/a/^rdo.>X, Yen', another; again.
ffp ^C Tsoh , fieri, yesterday. 3?lJ 5@Tau'kwo', having gone.
Jr ^ Sharig' cheiic,forenoon.jjJ£ ^ 'Ki hwei', 7^o^ often1.

\* Hia' cheu', afternoon. ;5{5 ^^ .Lai .nien, wex^ year.
^ B^ 'Yeu .shl, sometimes. — ' ^ Yih t's'i', o?^ce.

— ' ~jjf Yih hwei', once. $R -^ .Ju ,kin, at present.

J!j^ Kt'h. to separate: after. if[J 5^|J Tsih k'eh, at once. [ly.
§fe 0 'Kai ji'h, another day. -f>£ ||lj .Tiling .tesien,former-
^ Tsaic, again. ~j^£ ^\ ;Ku .jen, ancient men.

|| ^flf .Nan teh, .seldom. 3$ ,C'hu,/or the first time.
lU 0 .T'sien jih, rfr/y before"^ §9J ,Sien tan/, jfo*s£ come.

yesterday.

ft!i ilf 0 "? -^ ?R ?*'a -t'sien ji'h 'tsi puh .lai, ^c day be-
fore yesterday he did not come. [gone '/

^ ~^ ^ ^ c'hti* 'liau :ki liweif, liow many times has he
tit ^ i0 ^ *IW-tcsung .t^sien 'yen chec ko: s'ic .losing,
formerly there happened this circumstance.
^ ^ — • 'pjj ^J ?ku .jen 'yen yih kti4 hwa£, ^Ae ancients
have a sentence.

J ^so^ jt^ien Yi 'liau, he died yesterday.

kcch .c'lieu twanc tsien^ till, at
present silks and satins are cheap.

J U $$ ||t f^ ^L -wei shan< tih .nan teh kienc, the vir-
tuous are seldom to be met with.

J !£lj $1$ H M> f^ jC'ku tauc 'na ?li jenc teh, on first arri-
val hoiv could I know him '/

.men sien' tauc, we arrived first, [again.
tsohjt'ienyeu* .lai 'liau, yesterday he came
j$C ^ .c-hang tsof tih, he constantly does it.
[ • — * 0 -^ — • ^ keli yih ji'h c'hlr yih hwei^ go once
every other day.

LESSON 25. STRENGTH AND SKILL.

, Tiling .ming, intelli-^ J£ ''Wu if, military arts.
Nenglaiii<;^oztfe?\[f/er^.-^ ^S 'Sheu i:, handicraft.
.T'sai .neng; ability. ^ $i 'Sheu twan^, ditto.

.K£i if, ingenious arts.

.Ling .lung, clever.

.Neng,

ei', caw (acquired power).
(natural power).
'K'o 'i; yow way.

ing 'c^hiaUj ingenious
Puh .ling, inefficacious.'^ llj^ 'Pen shi'' (si)? ability.

^ -pj ,Hi .k'i, ivonderful.

P Hi ,T4ng puh c'huh,||
I do not hear.

Cehic lih, strength.

jT'ing puh .lai, I?f *v .Ngai pen', stupid,
cannot hear. [see. 7=1^ 'Kwan, £o manage.

flf5 2fc K'an< teh .lai, Jcaw|P| JPj 'Jwan job, /ee&Ze.

?!? 'ri 'to ,t'ing puh .lai., I cannot hear (lit.
my ears cannot hear.

- i$t W mun 'Jeu 'Pen s'1'' tso< ,kwan, he has
not the ability to be a mandarin.
^ H ^ H| $c che£ 'kfu nan£ puh .neng kieu:,
misery cannot be relieved.

^ ^ ftii ^f* S -snen tau^ Pa^ >^'a P11^1 -^no> ^e

if you ivorship them are inefficacious. [city.

Hb >S ^S P11!1 .neng tsin£ .c'heng, you cannot enter the
^ *jjjjj ^ puh hwei' Jsie tsi'f, he cannot write.

'ifl P§ ^ £Kf M ^ Jtfa -men keh wai' tin -]inS 'c'hiau,
they are extraordinarily clever.

xl* ^* S >^ 'wo ski'f 'sheu i: jcn; 7 am a handicrafts-
man.

'1$ &l A l^f ^ & %t M $ X &ngai pen' tih .Jen
tsoc puh .lai .ling .lung tih ,kung ,fu? stupid persons can-
not do ingenious work.

j] ^f |5^ J^ ^ ^ ||| cehi< lih 'j-eu .hien muh 'yen
7wu i^ 7i'/5 strength is not great, and he has no military
accomplishments.

LESSON 26. MASON'S WOBK.

,Chwen, bricks. [ bricks. JJ& I§ Uh 'ting, top of house.
§J jFang ,cliwen, square}j& ^ Uh ja, foundation.
'Wa, burnt-tiles. f^ .Tciau, numeral of length.

.Ni, ear^7i ; morter. [son.jjg ^.Hung .Hang, c^-oss bms.

-^"i 'wa tsiang' , ma-^fa jfc Shi'h ,hwei, lime.
Shi'h tsoh, stone-mas on. "jfy JJ -^ ;tau; trowel.
^ ,San .t^seng, if7i7'ee sto-Jj^ Liang:, ^o measure, [short.
.K(iau, bridge. [ries.-jj^jftL .C'hang 'twan, long;

.Hwan, arch. [arch.*j=l ^ ,Kewan tseh, broad;

t^ .Pcai .leu, memorial^ .Shen, o'eejp. [warrow.

JH 'C'hi uh, fo Jw-iZcZ a^$ij ^ ,Shang liang', to con-
house, sider about.

5 ' ,chwen 'wa nmli 'yen 'inai .lai,

and tiles are not yet bought and brought home.
&4 -^ US $5 3£ E ^ kiau- yih ko< .ni 'wa tsiang' .lai,
cctZ7 a mason. [building a house.

• ^ tj^t

IW Hi Hf ;§/ JpR ,sliang liang' kai' .fang uh, confer about

§C j§ Zl ^ ^ yau^ kai* .ri' .t^seng .leu; / ^a?i^ to build

two stories above the ground floor. [three arches.

.SI "J^:;r: f§ 'jjjj 'wu sliili ,san .liwan .c'hiaii, bridge of fifty

covering in the roof how many tiles shall you use '/
ft ^ i|S & ® S it A ^ PCai -leu ,to ,tu sli'r' king'

cluing^ 'nii . jen till, there are a great many memorial arches

which are all in honour of women.
fi flf ^ ty ^Ok ^S liang: liang: kranf ,to 'shau .c'liang

'twan, measure it to see how long it is.

the trowel and put on more lime.

\ Ire :B| — ' 5^ ^ -hung .liang .c'hang yih changf panf,
the cross beams fifteen feet long.

\ >ji. [ffi| — * /i j|k ,kcwan tseh ('chai) 'ma yih c'hih
,k-wan, as to ividth let them be afoot wide.

LESSON 27. STUDY.

i flf Tuh ,shu, to study. Jj -^jF&ngtsi'j'squareletters.
' Ten, numeral of books. |3j § Si'c ,slm, jPow books.
: U| Pih nieh, pens andink.3L ^ 'Wu,king, Five classics.
' §§ .Wen meh, style. ^ j^Hiau' ,king, Bookoffili-

^5 .T^sing 'shwang, c?ea-r. al piety, [character classic.

iffl .Wen li, book style. "EiL -f- $^,Santsi{ ,king,

.Wen ,chang, essays. .
Yunge ,kung, be dili-

,T^eu.hien,

'Kiai shwoh, explana-\

'Si an shwoh, novels.
\ ^ 'Ki kiuen£, how many
chapters ? [book.

\ ^ ,K(ai kiuenc, open a

* ^jlf ,To kfanf, reac? much.

• )jji Yih c'hu'3 benefit.

ic ,shu,

tion.

gj 'j$(uhut']tia,i, commentary. (^ 5 -Hicn ,slm, light books.
4§£ Ipir Yau< 'kin, important. fy 'Ye, afco. [ma??,.

^ S pR flt yv P1in sni' tub. ?snu -Jen> -^ *s not a literary ^
M ~$L "BT $ It S yunS"' ;kung 'k*'° 'i &h tali, if you arc,

diligent you will rise in life.
^ HI Q§ fj£ (T^ ^t ¥i ,shu 'li till hwae kian: .wen 'li,

pJirases used in books are called wen li.
S 5? ^ ^ ,slni yauc ,to k^'in', Z>oo/t^ mustlc much read.
^ § tsaic 'lau ,kia kiau' ,shu. he keeps a school
at his own home.

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ j^ puh ,to kcane muh ?yeu yih c'liu^
^/ you do not read much, it will le of no use.
® 0 ^ si uli si'f ,slm,//^ s^c?y the Four books.
^ ^, _n. ^ lieu' .lai k'aii' 'wu ,king, awt? afterwards
read tli'i Five classics.

^ /JN |^ ^ jtf ^" .liien ,slm 'siau sliwoli pnh 'liau
k'an', light literature and novels are not good to read.
yjv ^^ -^ kiaiic 'siau .hai tsi'c, -m teaching boys.

characters luritten on squares of red paper.
g 2J£ § ^ ^ die* 'pen ,shu 'ki kiuenc, 7^oz^ many chap-
ters does this book contain? [essays.

^ ^ i$C ~3C ^puli hweic tsof .wen 5chang, Ac cannot write

an important book.

LESSON 28. ANCESTORS.'

.Ye, father.

^C 'Tsu fu:, grand-father.
,Tseng'tsu, ^e

Tsang' .niai, 6tt?-y.

t'u; enter the (, ,

.Wang ki',f<>.

K Tsai^ sliangc, farther^ g^ .G'hien .c'heng, rever-
back. [4th degree. ential. [of.

jij[ ,Kau 7tsu, ancestor offfi j^ Chauf yiug£3 #a/^e care
7Ken 'pen, root. ^ 'San, sz«;ee;?.

.C^liucn hiac, deliver jffpj ^ Si'' .t:ang, ancestral
down. temple.

Hiau4 'i^ filial son. ^ ^ .Ming tsi':,

,Kwan kwoh, coffin <fy iasc.$\> TEH Tsai: ,t'i; ?£.se again.
Tsof .fen, ??&a&e a #ra^e.jjfj[ ^ 'Tsu,tsung, ancestors.
'Ts'i ,sun, posterity. ^ Tsi', tfo sacrifice.
Jli. TT? xfe 1fi ^ 'tsu jtsung shi< ,ken 'pen, ancestors are the

root from, which men come.
A ^ S M ^ ft ~F ^.jen.t^menshi^tsiijtsung.c'huen

liia' .la,i, we^ a/? spring from the stock of tJieir ancesters.
^ JfSL ^ 5'J ^S f^ tsic 'tsu 'tsung tauc ,san tai*', sacrifice
to ancestors to the third generation.

fu£, ,kau 'tsu, tsif till ,to, • parents, grand-father, great
grand-father 7 and great great grand-father are sacrificed
to by many.

tsoc ,kwan kwoh. he did not provide a coffin.

lli hiau£ 'tsi, 7^e «s wo^ a filial son.
shang* .pel tih .ming tsi:, the names of elders
(in the anc< storial line). [ployed.

^T $* -PJ Sp1^1 ?kf° 'i tsai' -tfi? should not be again em-
^ ^ g^j ^sing£ 'li tih .si* .t'ang, ancestral temple of the
Li family. [of flowers.

tpL'na yih yange tih ,hwa 't'sau, which sort
4,[i|?|5 puh .tiling ,ken 'pen sliang£
,sheng c'lmh .lai, is not produced from a root?

LESSON 29. SERVANTS.

jSiang ,pang, assist. }}) ^pJTung' c'hi'', ^o Z»e angry.
i^ liwanc, employ mcn.^Jt ^,Tan wuf, w>ry % rfg/ay.
C'hih'pau, eai.eno%7i/J> ^ -f1 7Siau ,wa 'tsi, ^'r?.
^E ^g°' 'si', starve. ^ f^ Puh teh, mws^ not.

^Tmi^'sijreezetodeath.^ P'ienf, ^o dfceaf.
^ ,Kia ,chu, master ofjji ^ ,Timg .Ida, master.
family.

f fanc, to cook. |ff] ^ ,K:ai ,sian, expend.

|^ T'sai' fan', vegetables^ j$ -^,K'an .fang 'ts'i, take
and rice. [cal. care of a house.

'Sheng kienf, eeonomi-tifit ^: ,Sheu shell, gather up.
,Kan tsirig', clean. /J^ ^ 'Siau ,si, waiting boy.

-'V'si 'cheng, orderly. ^ lj&.Meu,zin,applythemi*£.
.Wan, finished. j$* JHChair ying', take care of.

B§ §ft Jj|- tyfc Jtp^tung ,si ,tu yau' ,kan tsing', everything
must be deem.

^ — ^ W slii< hwan< tih Jen puh 'shau
yih peh, ^e number of servants employed is not less than
a hundred. [is not yet done.

jkung fuc mull 'yen tso' .Avan, ^e ?^or^
iang to* 'siau ,8i ,k:an .fang ;tsT;
waiting boys kept the house.

jkia 'chu 'liau ,sin; the master is well disposed.

takes care of them. [them, to be frozen.

^t ftfc i$ ^B l)Un kiau' ?tca tung£ 'si; he will not allow
^ ^t f& ^C ^B 'ye Pun kiauf-;tca ngo' 'si', nor to be
starved. [me.

;ni puh teh p'ien' 'wo, you must not cheat
jtung jsi puh .lieu ,sin, you do not take
care of things.

ffi B$ ^| Jt "f|!C puh tsaic .sli'i lieu' shang' tsof, yo?^ do
not do things at the proper time. [master.

T jit i?C jtan wuc 'liau ,tung ,kia, ?/02^ «?/zwe your
^* ^ ^ 'tsung yau: .tcsi cheng^ (they] must be put in

order.

LESSON 30. TEADE.

-H; Si Swan' .p'an, abacus, jjg H .P'ien .i, c/^eop. [Ac^se.
IP? J§ jT'sing Vhu, distinct. ^ ^| .O'ha chan', ^ea ivare-
"$& ^ Si' swan', carefully reckntfjj^ Kwei'? counter. [man.

j^. jj||Swan' chang', calculate. QfjaHxf jTangkwei' tih, shop-
p§ J£^ ,Kfai tien', open a sho2^ .y^ ^. Sliih 'pen, fose capital.
7^3? SI -tio KI , assistant. *yj ~~/\^ j -L au ,Kwang, 66^ j a-
[& loeights. vour. \_Shanghae sycee.
2\* ^f JTeu c'heng', measures^ /\ ^ ?Kieu pah .yin;
2^C ^ Ten .t'sien, capital. J§ B^ 3Ma .t'eu, port\jeUy.
^)J ^ Lic .t'sien, interest- k/^ ^ 'Hai 3kwan, custom-
house, [torn.
,Kung .p'ing, just, y\^ ^ft .Wan sliui', pay cus-

Puli tuic, not agree. Suc mull, numbers.

^T* ^* suc mnh puh tui', ^e numbers does not agree.
ft ppj ^ ^[ c'heng* tih ,kin Jliang puh tur, the
weight in catties and ounces does not agree.
^jUjf ^\ ^|swane teh puh ,t'smg, it -is not clearly calculated.
J& ^ Jft 7 3^ ?k'a* ti611' ? shen g if puh taf, «(/7/.e?z- 7ie
opened shop, his trade was small.

18 &^f i^ W 3fe ?tano kweic tih shwoh ,t'au ,kwarig; the
shopman said, may I beg custom.

f^, Zl ^| /\ ^L ^ .hwan ,t:a ri- wan* pah 'kieu .yin,
him twenty thousand Shanghae taels.

muh 'yen 'pen .t'sien, Ae ^«s no capital.
M. S ;fej& ^ .c^heno; 'li .cfha chart' ,to, ^e #ea ivare-

-&<* S-t'* f-Xi ^^^ ' 7

houses in the city are numerous. [honest.

au s^'1^1 the assistants are dis-

LESSON 31. WAR.

^ ~P jPing ,ting, soMter." 'T-siang toll, ro& & plun-
^ & ,Kwan ,ping, ditto. ^ ^.FiLc'liiai^/o^m^^r^e.
Tehsheng', conquer.^ ££ ^ISTgan .mm} pacify jpeople.
.Ying 'liau, twow. fe ^Rj".T:eu .ho, leap into a river.
,Shu, defeated. fe -j|j .T'eu 'tsing, feop mfo a

'Ta Chang', to fight. ^H M 'Si",shi, corpses. [well.
Jf£ fi Pai« changS efe/ea*. ^ ^i Tui: 'wu, rank andfile.
Bl ffl .Weik'wen', besiege.Jjjfa ^,Kwei 'ku, orderly conduct.
^ & 'Ling, ping, leadsol-^ ffi .Mai fuh, ambush.
diers.

Fang4 'ho, set onfire.^jf j§ Kfan^ ,keng, keep watch.
'Lu .jen, seize men. CJ ^ 'Kceu hau:, watchword.
.La jen, drag awayfQ >ijt P'auf .tv'ai, battery.
Sheii, ^o fceep. [rae?z.$fc ?Q, Fang' p^au^/re cannon.

,kwan ,ping ,sheu .c'heng, mandarin soldiers
keep the city.

f T 7 ~^ 10 >K ft'ta ?lian yiliko£ pai< changS they fought
an unsuccessful battle.

hweic teh sheiigc, ^ey cannot conquer.

28

itlf PM 55 HI T .t'sien 'liang ,t'ien .ying 'liau, two days

since they gained a victory. - [not strong.

^S §R ^f* M" IS .c'heng .t'eu pull ,kienku<, the city wall is

J^ A. fe T ^IT -nan -Jen -^eu 'l]"au -no? tfie mcn leaped in-
to the rivers. [themselves into the wells.

T ^T 'nu -Jen •t^eu '^au 'teingj the women threw
tso< .fu .c'hiau kwof c'liti', ^ey warfe a
floating bridge to pass by. [as captives.

au< ^u -Jen c'^li: *i^7 ^62/ can-y away men

Jf* "d^ p. puh ,shcu tuitf 'wu,
'Hi ~y ^ ^| ^ 'ling 'liau jsan wanf ;ping7 lie marched at
the head of thirty thousand soldiers.

'hu 't^siang toll, robbery is forbidden, [night.
L jkin ye4 till 'kceu hauc, tlie pass-word for to-

LESSON 32. SURGERY.

w.jj Sh.ec ,sliang; wound.

i. famed surgeon."^ ^tf 'Nu tsienc, cross-bow
[ly. arrow. [vegetable.)

.jan, unexpected- fOj ^ ,Wu .t'eu, (name of a
^ g§ .Han .c'hau, fla?i dynasty.-^ |^| Tuli yoh, poison.
^ |££ .Hwa toc, (a noted sur-i^ & -Ta£ .pfen,
^ Pi', arm. [^€€>»-)§ M, Tsieli hiueh,

^ J?/ Chang* .fang, fe^. [a?•??^.''PH ^ Pca^ t£ungc, fear pain.
W ^jShenpi4, stretch out the^\ p^ Koli ,kfai, cw^ opew.
^ ?Tceng, pam. [^r.'JJj |^J .P4juh, sHw and flesh.

^B p,T'aiihia',5are£7^s/iow£- — ' |J Yili chili, straight.
jfif. ^ Hiueli 'kwan, ^^-??es5e/.ife T'ieh, ^o fi^-zc/;.

15 ^C "?* jKwan ,fu 'tsi', (the^jf ^ ,Kau yoh, plaister.
god of toar, Kwan yiln chang.)

1§| ^ ^ H ^ "J-* hanc .cchau 'yen ,kwan 7fu Jtsi? w ^7ie
Han dynasty there was Kwanfu tsi, the god of war.

16 $R ^ It It f^ 7 Pei' naf .nu tsieir' she' ,shang 'liau,
7ie was ivounded by a cross-boio arrow.

%£ M — - iS A ^ & ff hwuli jan yih kof .Jen .lai kau'
su:, at an unexpected moment, there came a man to say. —

^ !§ H K5 /fl ^ T -ming ,i -hwa to' -t:'sai -lai

^/ie celebrated surgeon Hwa-to had just arrived.
Iff {til >H tWt M ^ 't'sing ,t'a tsin' c'liang' .fang .lai, 7*e

was invited to enter the tent.
fll $k -^ jft IS Hi jshang 'li 'you ,wu .t< eu yoli, m ^c

wound tli ere was a vegetable poison called Wu t'eu.
-^ It JlJ It* SS 5JP R yih chili taii: kuh .tceu na£ 'li,

straight into the bone.

^ xlk •?• W P11^1 S^IIL: ^sau ?ij 7/ w°^ cured early.

JH| JQ ^ ^ ^ j^ chef kof pic mtih ?yeu .yung, ^e arm

would be of no use.

^¥* iji ^ ~J] 'sheu 'li .na ,tau, m Ids hand he held a knife.
~h ^ ^ W J& ~F ^ jk ta' -P'en .tsai pi' tic hiac tsieh

hiueh, a large bason under the arm to catch blood.
SI ^ "?* Y^ ^ kwan ,fu 'tsi ,shen 'sheu, the god of war
held out It is arm. [clothing.

Van hiac ,i fuh, a?ic? bared his shoulder of
^ ldauf .Hwa toc koh ,k-ai? /or Hwa-to to
cut it open.

jg^j ^ ^ ^ yih 'tien pull p'a' t£enge, lie, did not in the
least fear pain.

|±SlJ*^^ 'pa ,tau hiang' kuh .t'eu
shang£ kwah c'hii' tuh c'hi£7 he took the knife and ap-
proaching the bone scratched away the poison.
&3& i& Witt- ft 2ft ^e«£ -lai .p<i juli .fung 'c4ii .lai,
afterwards the skin arid flesh lucre sewn up. [much.

ptta *" I • v^ 0 Jk,Jt*

iHy x$ ~JT /C ^% ,Kwan ,1 11 'tsi ta£ siauc, Kivanfu tsi laughed
1^ 1& fM] fj shwoh shwuli .hien hwa:, and talked on ordi-
nary subjects.

LESSON 33. THE WELL.

Ill Tsoc, numeral of wells, houses, clocks, hills, graves, &c.
:/T j§£^&ing9pien,8ideofwett.ijS J^ ,Siang .lien, connected.
^fp jJC'Tsing,'shui,weZ^iflwfer.^ ^B ,T4en jeh, hot weather.
^. jf ,T'ien 'tsing, sg?^arej^ i . Wan' shang', at even-
court, ing.
^FV ^f-Kung* 'tsing, same wc#. jfjj pg Kiiieh ,kcai, rf/</ open.

30

[|JP( ;7[C .Hien ''shui, saltivater.^\i >ff[J Tiauc ''t'ung, hanging
[village. bucket. [rope.

|0f ^I[5 .T'ung .Liang, samejjjfr, ;j$f .Ma .sheng, hempen
^ -J-* Tseh 'ts'i, homestead. *$v p| ,Shen 't'sien, deep,

shallow. [ter.

$$ ^ .Lin she', neighbours. 1% ^|C,T:iau 'shui, carry wa-
ffl %famiientii$ultivate£lland.:i$ ^JC'Ta'snui^^ewp ivater.
Tiau' 'shui,ra7.s'c water. J^jL ^jC,C4ie 'shui,_pM?w.23 water.

in the loell.

fy /^ .t:ung ,hiang kurigc 'tsing till .jen, men
of the same village and a common well.
$$k 6. rB 'pE yf" ?S wan' shangf tsoc tsai: 'tsing ,pien; at

nig Jit they sat by the well.

sT 7r* r3 — SS 'tsing 'shui 'yeu ,sie .hien, f/te water in the
ivell is a little salt. [bucket.

T* ~^ tiauc 't^ung fang' hia: c4iiif, 7ef cZozwi the
7-K Axl A 'ta 'shui till .jen, the water bearer.

,tfiau ''shui .hwei c'huc, carry the icater back.
;yau 'cchi 'shui .lai, take up water.
• 1JI. ^JC .nieu ,c£he 'shui, the bullock pumped water.

.lai, draw up water with a rope.
' ^ _t ^ "W -^- '^smS ^a shang' ,pien 'yen ^c^he,
is a machine.

LESSON 34. DINNER.

[them dialect.

.R'i terminal particle placed after most nouns in the nor-
Pien' fanc, ordinary meal.^ P^r Tsai£ hoh, drink again.
Puh kwo:, only (initial).^ %^i Ts'ic fan', grant me rice.
f| "f Pa' 'liau, only (final). Jp1 M .G'hu .fang, kitchen-
^ .T'ing, wait. '£$ i| J^i ,t'ang, fowl broth.

—^ 1J£ Yilihwei^ a little', once.flji ^ Yen' ,wo, birds' nest.
|H f^'Paifan', spread dinner.^ ,T:ien, add; give more.
Jt ^ Shang' t'sai', put the^ "f Tau liau, satisfied,
dishes on the table. $\ %fc 'Tau .c'ha, pour out tea.

LESSON 36. BUYING LAND.

Tr 'chu, owner of land. $ j , Slang kin', near.

Pu',kung, measure q/^j^o j|| Kieli %\\i\\,firm.

K'ung p V, fc^- [/ee^ — ' SX Yili 'men, ewe mew.

KiaisimngSo7i^e5^reelaX ^'Meu pan', me?* & a half.
j5,Hiang'K, ?7i^ecotm£r^3v $V -Wen y°h, deed of sale.
^ .Lin she', neighbours. FJ3 ^jChungge
ifi Shi'b. tiair'? £era strings.^ fy .Ming .ri'?

Ta' .tfsien, large cask, f^ ^ Tai£ pih, a writer.
Kieu', old. "-JT ^ 'Ta ,tfing, to inquire.

IKo'? broken. ^ ^ ;Chau .siun, ^o seek.

^ ^ ^jj 'wo jTaue 'inai tic; / z^i's/i ^o &wy /cr/?v/.

K tsai' tac ,kiai shang', iw i/ie r/rer^ street.
T 88 '1]i t'i' ''wo 'ta jt'ing, inquire for me.

off

; -

found a piece.

^ |^ ^ pj tsai' tac ,kiai .nan mien', on the south side
of the great street.

i — ' itU ^ U xv 'cliau yili ko* .cluing lieu' JQn.fnd me
an honest man.

^ ijS ;t\sing ,t'a tso'. tai' pili, invite him to be the
writer.

-^ $J A ^ ^ ^t $) tai£- pih till yen 'sie till .wen yoh,
^7/.e writer will write the deed of sale.
i$t tfft A. Rf J^l 'ni ts°£ jchung .jen Jk:o 'i, ?/ow caw ?>e
<7ie middle man.

^1' shwoh shwoh .ming peh, speak

A- niai: ti' tih 'chu jen, the proprietor who
sells the land. [not?

^'yeu .t'sien niuh 7yeu .t'sien, 7^as 7^e money or
- 'yen kieir .fang 'ts'i, there is an old house.
JL -hwan tsai- ti£ shangS s^Z o?i */ie ground.
S "tfr T clie' ko"' 'teiing yau- t^seh 'liau, ^s
must be pulled down.

i'c 'meu

ri': shih 'liang .yiu 'tsi ih 'ilu,

— I PH SI -f* ~

twenty taels a 'mo

M -"W " ~ M Mfa IE $$ H -h^an 'yeu yili k-Ver tr tsar
.hiang 'li. there is a piece of land in the country.
&•&•& 1ft $ Jiu sh? ijen ,kia 'ban tih; the neigh-
Lours are good.

S $ 9 ^ tiau< ta* ^sien, to strings of large casL
u 3? 4 M M If >* pu- :.kuiig ]iang* Hang-' Ir'an^. mea-
sure. it ivith the rod.

^ — S?V rr peh 'wu shih puf yih 'ineu, 250

iu l'ue 'Ye kiair' yih ,kiiDg, a
i X ' ^ ''wii^lr^i yili yrf, five feet make one pu.
te .K ^ Mfc 16 3\ls5 che' ?mo ;siau Jkfung^r
this Ifi small, and I fear it will not be enough.

LESSOX 37. TIGEE8.

'Yesheu(. wild animal*
lni, bamboo y rove.
Heuf inicne,

gf 'Hii, to promise. |f^ ^^'BSki'^uen^veg. garden

m 'Shang, reward. [thers.^ JEien, to to/.W« Me MOM£/<
g . LapaaS^ef^andp'ofirjp fj| T:eu< t;sih, \
&Z Par sheh, to set out. |X| jHiun^ violent.
tfl .Hien jk'eng, a pi'tfaU.^jjf jji Hai< cflmf, mfurics
^Ti^im.asp
^ .Kfin, #o catch.
vl ^ ;Yin '.yen, to

"^ !®5 5?

'••'/V «*?

U A BE W^& ^ ff5 > a jen .nen j.iu rhu fih,

is who can kill titters

- * — -x * . i . t/

i liau ,t'a .men. I promised them.
shah yih 'hu ''shang 'wu ; hi'h ,tfsien,
7/^e?/ Mled a tiger they should receive fifty thousand

reward. r / ?

L^ {. • • xm, Srtl [placed,

TEmAmn* chii^ till .jenCpii shch, ,^c inhabitants

.hien ,k/eng .hotr 'nil, pitfalls and spring

— -"

OOIO&.

entice them.

?laii 'liu pull 'li, the tiyc.rx fool- no iw£lcc.

behind the houses are vegetable garden*.

S W A ^§ ^J SMI 41 y°k 'Ji ''y«u -Je

//i# « mo/M ^^a/A-s tw^o the garden.
Q $S ^ 7 ffi i* 'lau ;}lu '* ,lvirig(^) 'Han ,

rt i^Ker /a/.s' already taken him aioay iiinJs mouth.

,tu!ig ,si tih

ffi £Kl ye' I* imih 7

is no one to steal.
hiu liu puli 'kan Jai,
tigers the)/ dare not come.

LESSON 38. ELEPHANTS.

Fung* p-'a

Peh siang-, white do. ^ Wo', hungry ; to starve.
Fah 'tsi. mfthod. ^ jp| 'Tien .t:cu? ^o wot/ ^c

Kiingi yih. service. head.

Kiueh7 fo dig. ffi .Sic, inclined', crooked.

7P'u sih, spread mats, fyfc C'beli. to push away.
J Kaif liau, cover over. $^ ^,Chiing,sh0ii,«(?7iofe ///>.
^T ^ 'Ta .lo, beat gongs. Ojfc .T'O, carry on lack.
^ .Kan, drive. %$, ^ Fuh si'*', ^o serve.

tT U 'Ta 'ku, beat drums. |J Wei', to feed.
j§ ^ ^ Hif* ^. ,si .nan ?yeu ye' siang', -m fAc soz^// west

there are ivild etyihants.
^ iil! A M ^ "F* 'pen ti< .jcn yurig- fah 'tsi, f//e ?i«^w/j

^,9e methods.
W fill (PI it f^ ^ ^ 'yen ,t'a .men tso< kunge yih tih, to

tempt them to become serviceable.

3R-%$(i 41 Jft -^g # kiufih ti-' ,k'eng ,p'u sih 't«I
kai4 liau, #/«ey fZ?'<7 aj>^ «?irf cover it well with

_t tsai< ,kia .ni 't'u tsai< shang',
place earth upon the mats.

f!< ^ :Nii ^ ftxf '"liau siang' .p'ing ti< si'4 tih, so that it
is like the level ground.

|H g* -JJU ^ 'hau 'Id peh ko: .jen, several hundred men.
III tT t£ $t $Sfc 'ta .lo 'ta 'ku fangc peau£, 6ea* (/o^s
artcZ drums, and fire guns.

^ J$ M |® ffi T ^ 3kan siang- 'tseu kwo< .Men ,tfa
hia' c'hli', tlic.y drive the elephant past and they fall in.

,shen 'tci cliung' ,k'eng jSlien; he is heavy
in body, and the pit is deep.

B& Hi ?fv P1^'! .neng c4mh .lai, he cannot come out.
t$c ft!i ^ ^C tsieuc woc ,tfa 'ki ,tcien7 #7iey then keep him
without food for several days.

f t!i heu' -^ wen£ ?^a? afterwards they ask him.
^ ^ H tso' kung' yuh 'k'eng puh ;k'eng; 7/Ae
is ivilliny or not to do service.
^- ^ T §R siang' ,tieri 'liau .teeu, #/ie elephant nods his

head.
W! ^ Iff If tt ^ ± ti< ;kceng mien^ .t'sien c'heh cfhu£

;tcu; in front of the pit they remove the earth.
[ff] — ' i$fc ^f ^& j^:^ J^1 -tfiau -sie ^US opew- an inclined

path.
/In" ^ $? ^§ -t kill siangf ?liau't,seusliang:, so ^7iaf ^e e/e-

phant can ivalk out.

— ' rPfi 7 IS y^1 '^en ?^au -t^eu,, «/ 7*e once nods his head.
^ J|> ^ Jj^ ^. ^ ^cluing ,shen yauc fuh si': .jen, he will

serve man all his life.

±g ^{J ^* ^ c^Jic >s'x Pu^ pien', ^'^ c?ea#A never changing.
'(4 tf9 ^& i^' W singf .t£sing tsui4 sin' sh'ih; his disposition
is very faithful. [carry.

— ' ilS J|l Bb »f|Ryih ko' siang* .neng ,tfo, o?ic elephant can
""F JT lH — ' ^Cjt-'sien jking p'au' yih weif, a cannon weigh-
ing a thousand pounds. [nod his head.
siang' pull 'tien .t:eu, if the elephant does not
t ^J puh kiati' 3tea c'huh .lai, ^ey c/o wof let
him come out.

37

^ fSJ 59 lilt 'Hang ,san .hwei wenc ,tca, #7ie?/ asA; 7m
or £//,ree times. [ death.

o< 's'1' 'y° 'yeu tih? some are starved to
'tsung pub 'tien .t'eu, any how they will not
nod their head.

LESSON 39. SILVER MINES.

bring. f*$ ftfi Njti' tic, CJiin^proper.
'.Yin'kSvang, silver-ore^ l|§ Hanc .c'hau, Handy-
mine, nasty.

, Sheu 'slmi, receive cus-tffi Jfj& T'eh if, purposely.
Li' sih, profit, [toms.^ 7T ?Ping jting, soldiers.
$t\* ,Pien wai', beyond the^ &jf. ,Kiau ,fung, yom bat-
Sanf, ^o separate, [border. $jj^ ^C'hien, to send. [tie.

P ,Kwan 'k'eu, border^ -io) 'Mjen tien^ Binnah.
custom house. ^ ppf ,Ngan .nan, Cochin-china.

_K (JJ Shang' ,shan, ^o ^ a hill.f^ ~J" 'C^hang ,ting, o^ce ser-
|^ 'C'liang, /^r^-e Aowse or o^ce. vants.
^ "I 'Ki shih, several tens. "^ ^ 'Lau 'tsau, Zo^ smce.
^ H li| SB "J"* B^ , Chung kweh c'huh .yin 'tsi .ni, c?oes
China produce silver? [had silver.

~F &^f 'Pen -^ai 'yeu -yin >ts<1' tih, originally it
•£j .ju ,kin nuic tic muh 'yeu tih, now
is none in this country. [that have silver.

'yeu .yin 'k'wang tih ti£ .fang, places
J j^iu 'tsau ,tu 'tcsu_tsmc 'liau, it has
long since been taken all away.

'Mien tien' tsai' .lai 'yeu tih, some is
brought from Birmah.

'Ngan .nan .yin 'ts'i 'ye 'yeu, in Cochin-
china there is also silver. [Han dynasty.
Han< .c'hau tih .shi heu^, in the time of the

kweh 'li mien', Cochin-china also was a part of China.
\ ^ ^ ~fc U4 Wi 'Mien tien< 'yeu 'Ta ,shan 7^hang, in
Birmah there is the Ta-shan silver-mine [of Yicn-nan.
l 9 ^ ^ ^?h tsai' . Ytin .nan ,pien waie, outside the border

2>T Iff 'hf 7fc M M ;.Ngan .nan 'yen Sung' ,sing Vhang. m

Cochin-china is the l^^^sm^ silver-mine.
ffi m $§ *$? $t\* tsai< 'Kwang ,si ,pien waif? beyond the

border of Kwany-sL

$b la ^ IS H !§§ ^ tT l&fc'.t'simg .t'sien 'pen kweh 'ii
'Mien tien' 'ta ch^^ formerly our country went to ivar
with B-irmah,.

PW ® ^ ^ ^c ^j'liang mien' ,ping 'ma ,kiau ,fiing, the
tivo armies of soldiers and horses met in battle.

$S H>C / 'c'hang ,ting 'i 5king sanc liau, /Ae
miners were all scattered.

-W A ^ ^ ®: ^ niuh 'yen .jen c^hii^ yair' .yin 'tsT,
no one went to seek silver.

t JJL W )W^ Ift lieu' .laivslieli lili ,kwan fu£ ,slieu
shui(, afterwards theyappointed officers to collect duties.
££ ^ iji 1® $(tceh iVkwan clie' koc slii', they attend
specially £q this matter.

njMMM^^- shang' jBhan c'h.V 't^ai
'k'wang 'li till .yin ;tsi; they went up the hill to seek for if
the minis.

^ ^C ® M ^ P ^ Ift ;>i> ting' 3sien yau' kwo'
,kwan 'k'eu .wen shui', they must first pass the custom-
house and pay, the duty.

LESSON 40. WATEE.
\tually.

C'hih ,kwan, eat habi-^ J^ Tuli slii', only.
,0'liai ,kwan; send ha-*fgf y^.C'hafcg'kieu, longtime.
'Lau ,fu, 7. [Z>/^a%.p^ ^ 'Liang yang*; different.
|g Suh? to pass the night. $$ ^ .P-eng yen', friends.

'Si 'lien, wash the face. yjjji ^ ,Kiau kwan4, to water.
S7/i«W bowl. j|£ >(^ ,Kan ,k'u; withered.

.C'heng ,t{sing. to cleanse. ^ ,Kien, soc/a.
-Yen seh; colour. Jljff -^ ,Kien c'lii', 5o<:/rt vapour.

C'hi' weic, taste. Jt ^ JT;u c'hi'7 exhalations.

TMC kaif, the most. Hg$ Shai', /o dry in the sun.
ffi£ iff <i ^ -wu ^*ai j0^'1' 'P3ib rwi inestimable treasure.

39

'wujkuh peh 'kwo, the Jive kinds of grain and
the hundred frjwtB.

,fang 'shui tsur 'shauj shi'li tsaic .wu kiac ,ch'i 'nau, wat- r
in Kaijcsuh is very scarce and is indeeH of priceless value.

(_^ l-ffj. ,/ln 1 f-lf IT -yf,| ~|?1J?J III

yih ko4 yungc .jen tau' .Lan ,cheu, I used to send messen- -^ ^
</<?/• regularly to Lan-cheu. [lie slept at (^lodging house. •' • >
^* j£ 3^e< 'li suh tsai^5eh_tJ£nf, in the night *

'lien, a small bason of water \ was given to the lodgers to

wash their faces. ^-v

^fe ilf T J§ ^ Rf ^ ^7 ^C Jsi 'hau 'liau 'lien puh

'kco ?i jtieui'liau 'shui, a/fter ivashiny their faces the water

must not be th^ow away. _^

!S ^C ifi ^(V^ mV j fl- jfl ^enC ;kia/' 'pa 'shui .c'heng

,t:sing 'liau tsaic yungc, ^Ae landlord cleansed the tuaterto

used again. *
7|C ^ ^M ^m AxJ flyL ^T ^B 7K 'sliui puh /jt^mig .lieu tih

t.sieuf kiauc 'si 'shui, water that does not flow is called

dead water.

yair picir, q/'^er rt ^o?ir/ ^'??ie ^Ae colour changes.
^Pfc ^ "ffii ^v 5j ^P W A^ P^ £.ii;rwer 'ye puh 'hau puh

'k'o 'i c'hi'h, it smells bad and is not good to drink.
]/C Wt 5$L Jj J^, W ^ta^kai'ti^.fangche-yang^ tih, inmost

places it is so. [yang* till, only in Kan-suh it is different \
® S ~n ^ ^7* S il[ W n^Jtuhshi'-.Kansuhpuhshi'che4

.c'hang 'kieu 'shui teh 'liau 't'u c'hi'ltyieu' ,t'sirig 'hau c'hi'h
teh, after a long time the water •, through the influence of
the soil becomes clear and may be drunk.

^ W ^B >fe ^9E ^ M i^jt W 'wo '}^eu .pfeng yen' tsai:
.Ning-hia' tso' ,kwan, I have a friend who was a magis-
trate at Ning-hia.

KD o B^F ?^ ?*ia ^allf su' wo? ^e informed me.

M B! ~F PM ^ $f jKansuh'sengc'hu^c'hii-

40

.neng liia'-'ii ft'sayhau, everywhere ti Kan-suit province
if rain falls it is well.

* ^L ^ M PB H! $& P^1 kwo' .Ning hia: 'liang yang'
tih, o«7y «# Ning-Jiia it is different.

» 'Hi ^ H- ~F W i^hj^n' Pllli yau£ liia' % not °nty d°

they not desire it to rain. [that it should rain.

tfti Ji-'tfl iH HP PM «rjH£sie p«ac yau' hia{ ;u; ^ey even fear
0 flfc ^ «W jyin -wei chec ko^ ti< ,to ,kien
£hif, because here there is much £Qda in the soil.

0 M m T 1$ W IK ± ^Fvii t'ai' ,to jiii

.tfeu ,shaic 'liau tsieue 'yen ?kien cclii; shang' ,slieng, if
there is much rain, then when the sun shines the vapour
of the soda ascends.

n. • — n ~tt ^ 15 -^^jf ,siangkin'
k'anf choh jSiang siueh yih yarigf, ,hwa 't^sau ,tu yau£ 3kan
7k(n. seen near it looks like auoWj and the flowers and
grass wither.

M — *£ ^ T M ifc ^ IE jO^Aso 'i yih .nien
puh hia^ 'ii 'ye puh tsai; ,siri shang:. therefore if for a
y< ar it does not rain, it fin.atters little.

S ?0 EB TJC § ^ .Ning hia^ tau: .tien 7mi tsui^ ,to,
at Ning-hia rice is. ar own in the fields in great quantity.

^ ^ ^pf ^JC )Jj| j@ ,tan lv^auf .Hwang .ho 7shui ;kiau
kwanc, ^ reUes on the Yellow river alone for icutcriug.

® ^J ^ IE &>? ^R 'shui ,hwen 'tan 'ti .fei tih 'ln-'n.
water is m^udtfy but very fertilizing.

'

tih loh ti.' Vu knh peh 'kwo ,tu shr falrv\rangc till, in the parts
reached by the ivater, the grain and fruits are abundant.
-t puh pihc'jkian fen: tsar shang<, ^ does
not need to be manured.

m & #. ffin m - m n # m 0 * .tien «u

tih 'shui ,shaii .wei ,t'sing yih 'tien tsieu^ fang' ,tca .hwei
c'hiicj ivhen the water in thejidds has become clearer it is
allowed to return. \

LESSON 41. COALS AT PEKING.

sh a capital, if, Jp| Tsau* .t'eu, cooking range.

41

W* JUjf.Ccheng .c'ltf, wallfy moat.^fi ,C'hui, to Zwm.

-C'hau .t'ing, ^e CKwR^£ 'Chu, to boil. [pieces.

Shuilu'jCanals&riversJJIifc $£ ,C'hiau sui:, &re«& m
Han< lu<, roads. ^ EP ,Hwei vin', chalk mark.

»V §

C'liai,sm,^oocZ/or^e^.^p 3c Pari<: .wen, 7iaJ/*a casA.
*pf Yili hiang^ o?ze kind, fff ^Ki£ cluing^ #7ie amount.
>^ Pull tsuh, not enough, fa PM ^eni 'liang, weight, [cit.
^'Y en. ii: superabundance^ Jj;;Tu tsuh, wia^e upadefi-
H H IP 10E ^ M — =f ^ ^ J# it , Chung kweh
kion' ,tu tsai£ Peli ;king yih jt^sien 7to .nien ;i .t'sien, China
had its capital at Peking more than a thousand years ago.
9.ft B$ f| .t'eu yih t'sl' tsai' .Liau
till .sli'i \\Grt, first in the time of the Liau dynasty.

5king ;tu till .c'lieng .c'lii' ?kmig tienf .cfhau .t'ing niiauc
'ii ?liAva .yuen ,tu slii'c .wan .t^siuen, in the capital, the walls
and moat, halls, palace : temples and gar dens , are all com-
plete.

afc #. T 'slmi lu' han' lu'littai'

liia' .lai 'you 'liaiij there have been canals and roads through
successive generations till noiv.

{fc ^-ftl H 3S ^ JK.^W 1^ ll 'ye 'yeu > -t^ung
,tcien ,slieng .ccheng ,kung till 'hau c:hiif, there are also
natural advantages seeming like the gift of heaven.

&Jj£%$ft—'^M& 'Pi ,fang -c'liai ,sin yih hiang^
;tung ,si, for example, there is for one thing a supply of
luood for fuel.

B§ lU ^ It! ffi ^ i? lc ,si ,slian till c'lmh 'c'lian 'yen
'liau .mei; among the productions of theioeslern mountains
there is good coals.

M 'hau tsof ,shau 'ho tih kung< yungS
it is serviceable for burning.

^ ftt f^ ^0 *@ ~F ?f5 fuc 'lau tih hwaf ;siang .c'hwen
hiae .lai, in the words of old men coming down by tradition.
^ ll ^ B§ ill ^|c ,shau puh tsin< tih ,si ,shan .mei,
^e coa? q/ ^7ie western mountains cannot le burned out.

%%> — % tan' Blii' ,king 'li till

Bj

-jk •

.Jen yih ,tueii ,to yih ,t''ien; but the inhabitants of the ca-
pital yrow daily more numerous.

m ± W. ^ Jfl |$ j& — ^ ^ — ^ fenu< .t'eu
sliang* jC'hui 'elm yung' till 'ho yih 7tcien ;to yih ,t'ien, the
turning and cooking in the kitchens increases daily.

f — ' 0 J^i. — ' 0 •me^ k

price of coat is daily higher.

_ . f --* _ . j .mei?c'hiausuic 'li

yih ,hwei yin' mal^ ,tcsicn ,san .wen kic cluing^ ric ,kin shili
.r'i 'liang, the coal w as broken in pieces, on each piece a
chalk mark was made; it was sold for three cash, and
weighed tiuo catties and twelve ounces.

hien: tsai' kiac .t^sien yih yang* yih kfwei^ tih fcu£ 'liang
puli kwo* yih ;kin ;to'tien; at prc -sent the price is the same,
but the weight of one piece is not much more than a catty.

It It it & H n ^ il M Olilh lr 'sheng Hwoh luh
liienc 'you .mei 7cfliarig, in the province of Ghih-Ie, there
is a coal-mine at the district of Hivoh-luh.

WL M -^ >M ^ W fi -li jking puh kwo' lull peh li, it is
distant from the capital only two hundred miles.

Bl 111 ^ & 30. Bl 1% ^f fe W ^l f<l ^ ,si ,Bhan puh

tsuh Hwoh luh till 'yen .11 'kco 'i 'pu tsuh, the western moun-
tains if deficient can be supplemented from the additional
sup-ply at Hwoh-luh.

LESSON 42. JUNK NAVIGATION.

^ing puh teh, you must not stop.
Tseu puli kwoe, ?/ow cannot pass.
Sin ,kcai .ho, newly opened canal.
anf puh kwoc, o?i7y.
^ P -y* 'Lau ;kceu 'tsi', o^ mouth river.
S P^ ?R Pi' jk'^i -^i? ^° l>rts5 ^2/ and avoid.
'tflii W K!^ ^u^ l)au 5s^iaJ wawie ^/ a 8and bank. [chor.

-fa f^Muh .inau. ivooden anchor. $jj[ f/g T^eh.niau. iron an-

43

•

/£tt >I2 -Lo .p'att, mariner's compass. %J /j?j 'San .wei, a little.

n ft® $t -t n ^ 7f P ^ H * 'tai .c'hwen .t'sung
Shang' ''liai .Hwang pcu< 'k'eu ngan' ,kfai c'liil4, a sea junk
sets sail from the hanks of the Hiuang-pu at Shanghai.

IS) M ft & + fi. !±j ^ $> P A yfMangStung.hing
'wu shili 'li c'lmh .Wu jSiing 'k'eu juh .yang, going east-
icard it travels for ffty li passing out of the Wu-sung
river mouth.

mm &^®£ m m W & ff li ST-Uwan-janfiih

'pan ;sha 7tseu tauc .Tiling .ming till ,Sin ,k'ai .lio, winding

roundthe Fuh-pau bank, it sails to Sin-l^ai-ho in T'sung-ming.
It ~^ W ~* + SL kung£ kie yih peh yih sliih ;li; ^

numbers in all one hundred and ten li.
X-b + M^Ij+^^^ft Vfyeu' t'sih shlh 'li tau'

SliTh hiau^ tsieu4 slii' nuic .yang, there are seventy more

li to Sh'ih-hiau, wlilcli is in the inner ocean.
iH Jk RT ^ 1? $$ chef 'li 'k'o 'i .t4ng .cchwen, Acre yow

caw 5^qp the junk.
lib «I ifc U ^ & III a $ >¥ 't'Bt ti' 'ye. 'hau 'teng

lieu£ shunc ,feng fangc .yang, here also you will do well to

wait for a fair wind to go to sea.

, slian, again going eastward you proceedto She-slum island.

g Mj Jt ^ % W 14 {i lf\J che< ,slian sliangc muh ;yeu

peh sing' elm' till, onlhis island there arenopersons residing.

n 1? ^ ^ ^ 3b T iS-c'liwen .t'ing puh teli puh .neng

hia: .mau; ^Ae vessel cannot stop here, it is impossible to

cast anchor.

t ft [*5 m lii ^V 7^ ft « f8 ^ ii ltd"' .rfhkng'

?tung c'lmli ta: .yang *wang pel (peli) 'sail .wei 7p(ien
,tung, from this spot going eastward vessels go out to sea
and proceed north and a little to the eastward.

.Hwang .ho 'lau 'kfeu ;ts'i 'san .wei hiang* .nan 'yeu 'wu
.t'iau ,sha 'keng, a little to the south of the old mouth of
the Yellow river there are five sand banks.
^ It & & ^.'tt ft Jl ffili'choh ,tung ,feng 'tsnng

44

van' 'siang lii"tcsiQnkoli.} should you meetiolth an east wind,
you must be looking out against shalloios and grounding.

Wt Hj 3H fffj ^7^i^^pi£ jk^iAs^you should avoidihem.

T$t §|j XI p£j ii!l J> 'fang ,kwei ,kiang .nan ti' kiai', it all

belongs to the territory of Kiang-nan.

M IS Si: /E Mi ^J I^J }rungf -lu -P'ari ting' kien' ,fang

liiang', use the compass to fix your course.

^ tS jit — ' i@ ^ hwair ,fang liiang' ,p'ien ,tung
yih ko' ts'i', change your course and go one point more to
the 'eastward.

ying' .ni yung' t'ieh .man, with a soft bottom use the wood-
en anchor, and with a hard bottom the iron one.
LESSON 43. FUKS.

^M 3f£ (-f*f Yiin' .lai till, imported.

Hu D ^r -^en ?kCeu waic, beyond the north boundary.

fg ,Tiau, -sa&^e. $£ ^g .Hu ,li,/ox.

^. -f* 'Li 'tsi, lining. \§j ~f* Mien' 'ts'i, facing.

^ C'heng', ^aZ:e advantage of.^p ^-Tiau' .man, let fall hair.

^ /^ !/f^ /]"» Pali ta' puli siau', neither great nor little, aver-

ffi. J^V jHwei 'shu, ^/e?/ squirrel^^ .Lang,

J^JJ .C'lian, damp. f§ Juli,

Jj^ K'ang', ^i'i'c/i; couch. tjljt Liang, ^o aw\

^O iJ. ^ ^5 ^ IM ^ &^ ,tiau .p'i .t'sung 7na 'li yiiii' .lai
tih, lolience are sables imported?

^[j PJ ^ 'jjjj^ ~^£ jfy ~)j JJ5 $J peh 'k'eu wai' .Meng 'ku
ti' jfang .lai till, they come from beyond the northern bar-
rier., from the land of the Mongols.

iE 1® IS "^ :H $£ $k & f^ fe clie' k°c -P'au 'tsi sh'1>:
.liu su' .p'i tso' tih, this long coat is made of the fur from

foxes' necks.

/V ~t" i H J?£ ^fv J^ i^t ^xf Pa^ snin k()i ^iwei 'snu -r^ ts°f

till, ?^ac?e of eighty squirrels skins.
& ft f^J Sk S^ — ' H§ -p'i 'li till jLiue .t'eu yih ;shwang,

a pair of skin lined half boots.
$11 &. US' f^ 'B| ^ -lang -P£i 'hau tsof 'ma kwa', wolfskin

can be made into jackets.

45

Iff H| jfl Jfr xH fp & el"*1' -t'sien 'ting kwei' sli'r ,tiau
.p£i, the highest in price is sable.

IB £ * ^ Wfc-#fc,#?£ & Ifr Sf .tinn.p'i tun'

'ts'i chia' .t'sien puli ta< puli 'siau si' slii'li liang', a s«We

coat costs more or less forty tads.
5J[ i 0 & $? sfi ^* ^ chee ko< .p'i 'hail puli ,tiau .man,

this fur is good, the hair will not fall off.
$£ M 3£ It $J j£ ^ ^ tso' kwof ,i .'slmng till .p4 puh

'mai, s&ms ^Aa^ 7iave 5ee?^ 7?^a(ie into clothes I do not buy.
T W'^ Jfe # ** » -3SJJP * hia< 'u .Wen .p'i ,i

full sheuc .c-'hau yau' tiauc .man, in time of rain fur

clothes become damp and the hair will fall off.
n m ft ^ M W &. # Wi HS Bt & T ' c'heng' che'

'liau ,tcien c'hi' ,tsiang .pfi ;i full liang^ liangc ,sheu 'liau,

taking advantage of this goodioeather give your fur clothes

an airing and put them aivay.
J% _ll ^1 ^ ¥• & l§ k'ang' shangc ,p«u clioh .yang .p'i

juh, ^po?i ^7*e brick couch was spread a goat-skin rug.
%& HF 4 ^ ^ J^C M tic nia' 3sheng choh tcanc 'ho luf,

below he had lighted a charcoal fire.

LESSON 44. IMPORTED FOREIGN MANUFACTURES.

^ ^ .U .man, camlets. fj?|* ^ ,Sie .wen, striped.

Pih ?clii, Zcwgr c??s. i(S @, Ten sell, unbleached.
nJ 5Hwa .yang puc, chintz; printed cottons.
^ G, 7^ fl? 'Pen sell .yang pu', ^*e?/ shirtings.
fcll B T^p IN ,P'iau peli .yang puf, ivhite shirtings.
4£ 'fU ,Kwei ,hwa puc, spotted stuffs.
.Sie .wen pu', American drills.
W^'fft ,Hwa .cclii puf, domestics.
Q ,Pciau peli, bleached.

^5 ,T'ien ,tfsing, purple. ^ ^ ,Tan 'tsi', a statement.

^^ — ' /E + i PIf .ti .man 'mei yili p'ih sliih Vu

;liang, one piece of camlet costs fifteen taels. [ purple long ells.

'hau 7mai, crm printed cottons be bought or not?

40

puc jp'iau peh .yang puf .t'siuen muh 'yen .jen -yau:, both
for grey shirtings and ivhite there is no demand.
Jt H ?£ ^ ffi H $f ^ clian' .fang 'li ,hwa .c'hi pu<
,ckwang tih ;to; -m £/ie warehouse there are stowed domes-
tics in large quantities. [there is also no small quantity.
-sie .wen pu< 'ye puh 'shau, of drills
yetit'eh .shangyauSliwa .yang pue,
are dealers ivho want printed cottons.

till jkv/ei ;hwa .yang puc muh 'yen 'yen sell tih tsieu' 'yeu,
#7ie?-e are no white spotted cotton cloths, but there are col-
oured ones.

'ftlik^k^t HJ|»yang pu' 'pi .tcsung ,sien tsien.' , foreign
cottons are cheaper than before.

£lj ^ it ¥ ^ if 7 StS't'sI k'eh pull t'ai' .p'ing
k'eh ,shang puh 'kan 'mai, at present times are not peaceful,
and dealers dare not Luy.

^^J n HMt%3ft ^.yangpu' sheu« 'liau 'hai
.c'hau 'yen .man .pfing tin, cottons that imbibed sea damp
are damaged.

t ft 3® ll-ya^S puc kiau^ .tiling .t^sien
Ida4 chih 'sau ,kfirig; cotton goods compared loith what
they formerly were are a little cheaper.

=iil&lCE§®iif!£I^m^ ,kin heu' tih
jtung ?si shenf yang' Ida' .t'sien ;kcai ,tan 'ts'i, from this
time the prices of articles will be stated in a tabular form.,

LESSON. 45. FOKEIGN TRIBUTE.

[fame.

-Nien ?ki, 'years; time.\$\ ^ C^huh .ming, to obtain
present tri-^ ^'Tsaesiang(? chief minis-
w6er8. [bute.Jljk ^,Si.meu;r/imocero.s.per.
Kfauc, to rely on] lean. $jj$ ||B Loll .t'o, camel.
ffi K'aiV ,si, lying in the west.^ ^f.TfU3kin, gild a surface.
,Kfwei, helmet. ^ ^ .Mian ,kin, gild figures.

Chiah, coa^ o/ wza-i7. pa?-ife ^r 'Sa ,ldn, ^ «
i JtsinS? »'Oc/«;-cry«-jjj| .Mien, soft; cotton.

47

. ,T'ang

.wang tih .nien 'Id 'yen c'huh .ming till 'tsae siangf .ming
kiau/ ,1 'yin, in the time of T'ang-ivang there was a cele-
brated minister of state catted I-yin.

Jrl & IB >§ It $f iS £E ting-' kien< koh kweh tshr
jkung tih jkwei cmV, lie fixed the regulations for the pre-
sents brought from various countries.

Si ^ It J£ ift ft ^ 5fa <$; f j ,tung mien' 'yeu .u
.p'i till k'u' 'ts'i .ho kcwaie kien', /rom ^7ie eas^ t^ere brought
fish-skin troiusers and sharp stuords.

Jtsi'; siang' .ya ?si .nieu kioh; from the south were brought
pearls, elephant's tusks, and rhinoceros horn.

~T k'au' jSi mien' tih tsinf kungc yungf .hung
liih .yen seh; .nieu .mau .cjhi 'tsi', .lung kioli .ho taf ,kwei
'tsi, those on the zuest brought as tribute, red and green dies,
baffalo-hair streamers, dragon horns, and large tortoises.

« 0- 3$ .ft |& S^ '^ ^tl S ^ peli ,pien kweh tuS
kung: tih loll .'t:o .ho peh 'ma, the northern nations pre-
sented, camels and horses.

Pa .Ming .c'Lau Jili

(a

'pen kweh tsinc kungf ,ktfwei chiali, yauc ,tau, .tcu ,chin tih
.p'ing jieug, 7sa ,cliin 'slieu ,siang, .miau ,c]iin pih hiah?
'sliui ,tsing suc ,cliu, m the Ming dynasty, Japan sent as
tribute, helmets and coats of mail, belt knives, gilt embos-
sed screens, hand boxes spotted witli gilt, pencil boxes
painted loitli gold, and crystal beads for numbering prayers.

W 0 Ifrd jfl ira & BA.iR -C'liau jSiea c'huh peh
.mien .c'heu, c'huh peh .mien 'cliT, Corea produces soft
white silk, and soft fvhite paper.

$jt :H ^ ^ ft 3BL ~p E5 'ma ,san .nien tsinc kungf 'wit
shili pfih, of horses there are fifty presented in three years.

LESSOR 46. THE EMPEEOE'S SEAL.
j£( 0lJ 'I .tfsien7 before. ~Jj ~^] ?Fang t'sun^ square inch.

48

;I hettc, after. -T'ieii 'ts'i, son of heaven.

'Si, government seal. ^. ^ .Siiin .c'hang, common.

Yin*, mandarin's seal. ^ j^'heng, ^° name, [acter.
w 'T'u jshu, common seal.'^ %> Chwen' .wen, seal char-

•fc'JLIft fr—ft

,Feng, confer royal title. $j|j JT& P'engc cliien^ £
.Heng, horizontal. ^jjij Slmc, upright.

.T'sin .c'hau ?i .t'sien peh singc ,tu 'kfo
7i ,slien ,pien taitf 'si yung: ,chin "ts'i .yin 'ts'i .ho ytih tsof
till, before the Tsin dynasty the people could wear a seal at
their side, made of gold, silver and jade.
/h ~^ ^L ~)l ~^f ^ siau: pnh kwof ,fang tcsunf, they
are in size only an inch square.

-c'liau -taif yung^ ta' till 'ye 'you,
are also dynasties that have used large ones.
i& M $ ^ ^ ?C -f- — 10 A ^ ffl.T'sin 'shi .hwang
;i .lai ,tfien 'ts'i yih ko£ .jen ,c4ieng ?si, from the time of
Tsin-sh'i-hivang till now the word si is applied only to the
seal of the son of heaven.

,kwan 'fit 'so yttng' till ldauc yinf? .sittn .c'hang .jen 'so
yungc till kiau' .t^u ,shu, those used l)y mandarins o,re
called yin, official seals, and those of the common people
t'u slm, common seals.

^ $ ft S 3$ H 15 ffl tift -liwang tic tih .liing 'si
,feng kweli ,tu ymig£ tih, tllat called "emperor's travel-
ling seal" is employed in conferring royal titles.

shi'c fall ,ping yunge tih, "the faithful seal" is used in dis-
patching an army.

puh 'hii yungf ytih tso- .t^tt ,shu, except the emperor no one
is allowed to use a seal of jade.

tf#Hlftf ^£it g Bhang'

niienc 'yeu kcoh till tsi'f sheuc ,t:ien ,clu ining' .hwang ti'
shett: , c'hang, upon it are engraven the ivords, receiving the
decree of heaven, the emperor enjoys old age atid prosperity.

49

& f$ M $f ^ /§* HI dfe A! "31 ^ Koh .c'hau k'eh tilt
.wen koh yangtf .t'siuen shr chwenc .won, each dynasty uses
its peculiar inscription, all are in the seal character.

£ JBfc B'^ ft 1$ Ife'lEft $T ^fc@± ./C^eii c'la'

s'i' .nien till .slii* heu' tsai' 5Chwang .ho peh-n<mn'; shang*',
in the 4th year of T'ien-c'hi, on the north bank of the
Chwang river.

w—iififfl iftAiE&ttKJSi^ T as a

'yen yih ku' cluing- .t'ien till .jen cheng' tsai' ,keng .t'ien
p:eiig- kieir' 'liau yiih 'si, an agricultural labourer as he
wo s p tough ing fell in with a jade seal.

JY* £@L H Q ^^ TJJi •=£ "3r ?^ ^p ^P B Pun 'kan ts'r 'chi
.tesang choh 'na c:hiic sung' ;kei 'pen ,kwan, he did not
dare hide it, Imt took it to the mandarin of the place and
presented it to him.

7tsi .heng till shu' till sr t'.sun' ,k'wan, it loas square in

its form and ivasfour inches wide, abroad and across.
jfL ' "\J — - yy heuf yih t'sun' iv ?i'en. it was in thickness

an inch and two tenths.
Jt ® W f I M B4 n ^ ft $1 Bhang' mien' 'yen .lung

.tceu kiau* tsoc .c'hi .lung 'nieu, on its upper surface was

a dragon shaped handle, called the crooked dragon button.
l| jftlt jgj — ' "\j^ A-^T -c'n'i -lung 'nieu ,kau yih t'sun*

pah ?fen7 the crooked dragon button was one inch and eight

tenth s in height.

^Ij 5ffJ -^ 'ting }Tauf 'chin tih slu' .c'hwen kweh yiih 'si
.t'sung .T'sin 'slii' .hwang .c'hau tai' chili .c'hwen tan' .ju
,chin; the most important is the seal for transmitting the em-
pire, which from the reign of the emperor Tsin-shl-hw an g
has been preserved till the present time.

ti' ?pin ,t'ien pa' .c'hwen kweh yiih ''si tsicir' .c-'hwen kill
jSin .hwang ti'. the emperor ich^n dying (when departing
for heaven) takes the seal of hereditary government and.
gives it to tlienew emperor.

50 •
LESSON 47. GliATITUDE, AN ANECDOTE.

3H *jp, 'Tsau nanf, fall into)\yC "pg .Sheu .lieu,, to retain.

misfortune. [fering. f=j |^ ,Kwari tsioh, govern-

fyli Hit T'oh iiany escape suf- ment offices.

T'ui'kei, to give away. ' -^ Yih kungc, the ivhole.

IfJ Feng' shi', to .serve. I|l JQ.Hwangshang*, emperor.
tfi .Lang ,chung, member 7JS. f|J .C'heng jen<? not to ac-

o/ a board. knowledge.

3auc .ngen, 6e grateful. ))&> /f£ Pih ting', certainly.
^ ^C iKl ^M J |p> ^i' tac liangc 'tsau liau nanf? Li-ta-

liang fell into misfortune.
§j| 5B5 "^ 10 Jl ^ |lc ffi $f If ,Chang pih yih ko' .p'eng

'yen chieuc ,t(a tih nanc, Cliany-pih a friend rescued him

from trouble.
*&£ 3fc fjt 4 § ^. lieu<> -lai fall 'liau fuc kwei£, afterwards

he become rich and great.

the road he met Ghang-pih.
fe /If fill Hxf "v ^C Ja choh ,tfa tih 'sheu k'uh, lie seized

him by the hand and wept.
— ' "^J Hxl ^- M4* ^"- Tffi ^0 1ffl y^1 tfsieh tih ,chia .tfsai

.tfsiuen ,t'ui kih ,t'a; the ivhole of his property he gave

over to him. [receive it.

flit -^ 13 $C fi? ?t:a pnli 'k:eng ,sheu .lieu, he ivould not

K ^ H^ ^p" ^ *^* ^ shang* .c'hau shwoli kill .hwang tic

,t'ing, going to court he related his story to the emperor.

shwoh tauc .c'hen .ju ,kin feng£ si"c .hwang shangc .tushi£
, Chang pih tih lih liangf, he said, that your subject can at
present serve the emperor is all due tothe efforts of Cliang-pih.

lef II ffi E & W n — ^ In fi -t'sing yuen' 'pa
.c'hen tih ,kwan tsioh yih kungc kill ,t*a, / desire that all
my offices may be given to him.

H ^ M fife ^S IP 4l-twaiigti<yiing',t*a.wei.kng^chung,
^Ae emperor employed him as a member of one of the boards.

pifj ^jj^ y^ ^0r ^* Jtj J^ liang' koc .Jen koh ?1
7«ew were both to be admired.

51

.c'heng jenc ts'ic 'clii 'yeu Jhau cclmc; £/<e owe would not ad-
mit that he was good.

SB -~ i® *&f& II $ I* ® na< yili ko< pih ting' yau< pau<
,ngen, the other ivas lent on recompensing a favour.

LESSON 48. GENEROSITY, AN ANECDOTE.

fft| ^ .$ifa\\,posthumoustitle.'^ ^ TW ye', stay the night.
3E .Wang, A:iW(/; roya? fa'#e. ^P ^ .No tungf, ^o remove.
^ jKungy/rsiJ ^?e of nobility. & -^jKung 'tsi', ?/o?«i^ yentle-
^ $jjl Kungc 'tsung, altogether .^(' Huh, /ye fr w. [??I«?L

^T ,Sheng, one pint. -^f* 'Ten, ten pints \trcmely.

fgj ^ .Hwei tali, £o ^-cp?y. "j "^ W 'IJiau P1^1 ten? ea;-
^ H ^ 1@ ^ * ]tt >?£ $ Sung' .c-'liaii 'you ko' tsai<

siang' singc Fanf till, in the Sung dynasty there ivas a

prime minister of the Fan family.
ffflt ^ ®{ ~%> IE & -Si' fah kiau' .Wen chengf ,kung, in his

posthumous title he is styled the polished and correct nolle

of the first degree.
fT 11 fi ffi 1l -f" ^Ij jp ffl * 'ta fah ,t'a tih .rl 'tsl

tail4 ,Su .cheu c'liii/, 7?.e sew^ /iis so?i to Sucheu.
$fr ^ ^Sf fe ISJ ^5 ,tsiang meli .c'hwen ,la .liwei .lai, ^o

bring back some boat loads of wheat.
^fc. ffi ^£ fi ^H/VsV yef tsaik' ,Tan .yang, he passed the night

at Tan-yancf.

\®% M iff m & n ^ ¥ At ti' chien' yih

ko< 7lau ,siang 'liau 'ii fn£ ,t:sin .tcnng .nien tih, he saw an

old friend, of the same year with his father.
m « = P A ^B t *| *t ^ H& HP Ushwoh ,chia

;li ,san 'kceu .jen 'si* liau ,kwan .tfsai pull .neng .no tung'?

tuho said that three persons of his family had died, and

he had not yet been able to remove their coffins.
#? T RJ §?lj ^ xjk ^ tsang* 'hau 'liau .liwci tau< peh

pienc c'liii-, after they were buried, he would return to the

north.

^ '& ^fa&Wt mnh 'yeu Mi 'ts'1' kih »tfft Pan'' he

had no means of doing any thing for him.

52
.wu 'kfo naif .ho, there was nothing he could do.

,

5kung 'ts'i tsieu4 'pa meh .c'hwen sliang' tar .lai till meh 'tsi
sung* 'liau ,t% ^e ?/o?mr/ gentleman Fan then took the
wheat on the boats and gave it him.

3£ W JH" kung< 'tsung 'yeu 'wu peh huh, m aft
were five hundred measures.

.hwei .lai ?tca 'lati 'tsi' wenc ?tea chien* kwo< ;liau sh'ih 'mo
.p'eng 'yen muh 'yen, on returning Ids- father asked him
if he had seen any friends or not?

f z£ P A $fy ?t'a kauc su" ,t'a 'lau 'ts'i tsaic ,Tan
.yang tif chien' 'liau yili kof .cliia ,cliung 'si' 'liau ;san 'kceu
.jen tih; he told his father that at Tan-yang he had met
one icho had had three persons of his family die.

ftii jt^a 'lau 'ts'i jt'ing chien' sliwoh tsieu' wen'
;t'a wei' shi'h'mo puh 'pa . c'h wen shang: till meh 'ts'i ,pang
jt^a^ his father hearing what he said, at once asked him
wliy he did not (jive him the wheat in the boats to assist
him.

.hwei tah shwoh 'wo 'i ,ching 'pa .c'hwen shang' tih meh
'ts'i sungc 'liau ,tfa, he replied, I have already presented
him with the wheat on the boats.

% -f" H Jl T S W(. M T ^ n ,t'a 'lau 'tsi ,t'ing
chienf 'liau 'hi ,hwan tih 'liau puh teh; his father on hear-
ing it loas extremely pleased.

LESSON 49. SELF-CONTEOL, AN ANECDOTE.

U 4V .t'sung .t'sien 'yen ko£ tsaic siang^ sing' Han' 5tih*
's'i 'liau lieu' ,feng ,t£a tsoc 'liau .Weikweh3kung,j^ormerZy

* From this lesson onwards the Peking sounds are given for words in juh
sheng, but the distinguishing h final userl for all words in this tone-class is
retained.

there was a prime nihi fstcr 'whose family name was Han;
after his death he icas honoured with the title Wei kweh
Itung, i. c. nolle of the first rank of the kingdom of Wei.
§1 H *l£ TJf ~^ 10 3£ iM t^ ,t'a , chia 'li ,slieu .choh
.yih kof yiihc 'tsieu .pei? in his house lie had a jade-stone
wine-cup, [indeed an invaluable treasure.

slii' .wu ,chia ,chi 'pan, # was

"

t's'i* 't\sing k'eh* 'yin 'tsieu .pih yau* .na ,cfhuh .lai ,koh
tsai* .sih shang*, every time he invited guests to drink wine,
it was constantly brought out to place on the table.

' jfc jtJi Aj) §J£* ffij jfC I® tsui* shi'* ,t*a 5sin ngai* ,tih ;tung
,si, it icas a thing exceedingly valued.

> — - ^ t£ J& T A W T 10 Iffl ^ na* yih* ,t'ien
chiau* ?ti hia£ .jen ,shwaih 'liau ko' si' sui*? one day by a
servant it loas thrown down and broken into small pieces.

T A il &F n -t is 8fe : T ® fe 1^' 'ti hia<

.jen hiah* ,tih 'lien shang* 5tu 'kai 'liau .yen-'shih, the ser-
vant was so frightened that his face quite lost its colour.

hia* ?k*oh .t'eu wen* ,kai chi* ,t*a shen* 'mo tsui*, he knelt

down and knocked his head on the ground asking what

punishment should be adjudged him.
|$t IB /kt fS] ftfij — ' $$rk .Wei kweh ,kung hiang* ,t*a 7yih

.t*siau, the chief noble of the Wei kingdom glanced at him,
^ ^ ^ ft ftxf i!f IJF f& IS; pnh* ,hwang puh* .mang ,tih

kau* su* ,t*a ,shwoh; without haste or agitation, he spoke to

him asfolloius , —

.wu lun* shen* 7mo ,tung ;si ,kai ,c*heng ,kai p*o* ,tu 'yeu
?yih ting* ,tih c'hi* shu*? every thing no matter what,
ivhethcr it is to be preserved or broken has a fixed destiny.
t JL i/ft ^ — • Bvf ^ ^ k*Avang* ,tfsie 'ni sh'i* ,yih .shi
,shih 'shen, and more than this you have for once let it fall.

,t*a, it certainly is not wilfully that you desired to break it.

54

,choh 'lien shang£ pingf .muh 'yon yihc 'tien
7nau nuf ,tih i: ?s'i .ho .silin .c'hang .yih yang', as lie spoke
on J^is contenance there ivas not any appearance of anger, it
looked the same as it ordinarily did.

H K H K H 35 <7 f£ 69 -lien .tseh pei< .tseh pel' ,tu
,puh jen' ,tih, as to reproving, he could not bear to reprove.

LESSON 50. INTEGEITY, AN ANECDOTE.

4* H & If A ^ — 10 *4^1 <5f iS. ^Chung .kweh
nien£ .shu .jen "yeu .yih ko: chiaii' ,Si"ma ,wcn ,kung, among
the literary men of China is one called jS'i-ma Wen-lmny,
or the gentle noble of the S'i-ma family.

-is^H^^Sia

^4 ^ ^ fil tsai: ?cliia ?li kai' 'liau -yih ko' ;llwa -

.wei ,tih shi'c tsi'f 'chi.hinglohc tsieucchiauc .tub lohcyuen,
at his residence he built a flower gar den ^ and because it
ivasfor his own enjoyment, lie, called it the garden of soli-
tary pleasure.

^A^^Slt 'yen ko< k'an' .yuen
"tsi jtih .jen .ming chiau' 'Lii .ch'ih, there ivas a gardener
there of the Lii family, called Straight-forward.

>f ,yin wei£ ,tca sing( 'ts'i .ii 'lu tso' 7cchuh shie .lai .puh
hwei4 ,wan ?wan 'chwen 'chwen .tih; because his disposition
was simple and rude, and he could not do things in a crook-
ed manner.

•&• m If m 7^ T — f@ It ^ ^ ^ f.Wen ,kung
tsieu1 'kcih ,tcajcfhi 'liaii .yihkoe .chili tsi' ,tih .ming ts^, Wen-
kwag on this account choose for himthe character Ch'ih as his
name, meaning ' 'Straight-forward." [when spring arrived.

7 ^ ^C 1% Bf $! tauc 'lian ,c'liun ,tcien ,-tih .

jtih.jeiijsan'wu .c'heng .c{hilin.,tu tan' .yuen'li
.lai .yeu wan', many students of 'books ,in companies of three
and five, came to the garden to walk about for pleasure.

ft*«*4*7:--i*P:t-f

li -jfl .ff T fi»|k'Mi' .ynen'tei ,tih .teh ,tih .c'ha

t UM|

,r-£

,

.t'sien puh' 'shau shu' 'liati .yili shu' tsieti' 'yen .shili tiau'
jtush'i' jt'a. men .lieu hia' ,tih, the gardener received tea-mo-
ney to no small amount, and after counting it found that he
had ten strings (about £ 2. 10 of our money) ivhich had been
left by them.

u ill .4Vna< yili' ,t'ien k'an' .yuen^tsi ,tih 'Lti .chili
pa* che' jsliili tiau' .tcsien yihe 'wu yili£ .sliili,cliiaiiJkei?Wen.
3kung, that very day the gardener Lu-chih took these ten
brings of cash, and in fives and tens gave them to Wen-kung.
$itt 'it ^ n n $ ^ ,Wen ,kung ,shwoh

chec sli'ic ;ni jingf ?kai".teli ,tih .tcsien, Wen-kung said,
this money you ought to receive.

) -£? "B& -na 'liau c'hiic pa4", to/je ^ awe? ^/o.

7 S M ffi — ^ ^ I? "F3shwoh'liau?cliipienStca
.yili ting£ yauc ,'lieu hiaf, q/iJer repeating it several times,
he still insisted on leaving it.

$$L<£ 9S ti 7 'Je ;tih 'Wen ;kung ^tu 'nau 'Han,
7 Ac provolced^Wen-kung to become angry.

T ^ •t'sai ?mien 'c'hiang .na 'liau cchuf; he
then reluctantly carried it away.

llJ^lll&K^'iA^S^Ii -hwan .Invei
,choh .t'eu jshwoh .chili 'yen 'chu Jen .pub. ngaic .tcsien
'mo, turning his head round he said, it is only my master
I suppose that does not love money?

T "1" HI 5^ JQII( kwo' 'liau .shi'h 'chi ,t:ien? again
a feio days passed away.

.jen tauc .yuen ;li chienc Jtsing shang' ;sin kai: 'liau .yih

koc .t'ing 7tsY7 the master going into his garden saw over the

well a new arbour erected. [there respecting it.

59 ftii iPI -p'an wen' ,tea .men, he asJced those who were

® n ®tsit 0 t-s fn ^iu+ * ^i?

j=H ^ .t'sai jchi-tau' tsieu' shi' .t'sien ji'h' k'an' .yuen 'ts'i
.teh ,tih na' .sliili tiau' .t'sien ,sin kai' ,tih, he then learned
that it was newly built with the ten strings of cash ob-
tained by the gardener.

LESSON 51. RULES FOE A FREE-SCHOOL.

± H * # ^ II A & «& IE A Ift # ^c £

slieh/lih' i( .hioh'pih' ,su'tcsing jeirp'iii ,twan chengf ,tih
.jcii tso' jsien ,sheng, in establish ing~~a charity school, you
must invite a wan of upright character to be master.

~% J? M M t% f ll H Si ^ .hiueh .wen yau< ,t<ung
.ta cliiaii' liiiin^ yauc tsiu4 ,sin; in his learning he must be
thorough, and in his leaching dili'/cnt and faithful.

lrt'ti'li^^^^Ml: die' ko< r .hiueh
.t^saj .puli clii' 'yen .ming .wu .sliTh, this charity school
will then not become a name without reality.

^ , cliing 'kwan 't*si slii* ,tih .jen ;mci .nien 7t'sieu
,tung jtih .slii heuc liang' hiac ting' chien' .ming .peli, those
who superintend the matter., every year in the autumn or
winter, make the arrangements on both sides.

m it M 0 f i® H^e MUte^ it ^c^fe ^

,k^ai 'kwau ,tili j'il^ 'ts'i .t^sien ,san,tficnyimgc .hung ?t£ieli
jfung 't:sing 7sien jSheng .lai, three days before the time of
opening the school, a red card should be prepared and
presented to the master inviting him to come.
ft £ 1C ft — ^ — + A f ^,sien ,sheng .Bull ,siou
yihe .nien ii: .slii'h ?pah .t'sien .wen, the master's emolu-
ment shall be tiventy eight thousand cash in a, year.

{RA$ li ^^ ^11 — -hAI^^C fan'
.tfsien 'tien ;sin .t^sien ;mei .nienkung4 'tsung ri'f .sh'ih ,pali
,tfsien .wen, Ids allowance for dinners and luncheons
be in all twenty eight thousand cash.

sui' 3i sliangc .tfsai Jkco 'i sliang' .hioh .t:ang, pupils of
seven years and more can enter the school.

.a .men

,tih fu: ,t£sin ,ko ,ko yi\c ,sien yair' ^k^ai .ming 'pen .liiuh
,slieng ,tili singc .ming, .nien 'clii dm' c-'lm^ sungc tail' .liioli
.t-ani; Jed ;hau shangc ])U* 'tisi, their fathers and elder

brothers must prepare a clear statement of the surnames
and proper names, aye and residence of the pupils, and
brine/ it to the school that entries may be made on tjie books.

^

,sheng tan4" 'kwan'koh .jen tsar tr ,cliiun niieir' .t:sien tso*
jSan koc ,yih; £Ae scholars on arriving at the school are to
make three bow's to the god of literature, [take their seats.

^ liell£ -lai tsieu' -kwei ts°S ('fter tllis tkey
^ titi B$ & ifc fig if %f tau* ye^ 'li fang-

.liioli ;tih .shi lienc 'ye chaue clie' yangc, at night ivhen the

school is dismissed they do this again.

'mei y^eh* ,c'lm .yih

,sien ,sheng ;ling .t'a .men tanc .wen ti: J^"uJ-L£
mien: .t:sien tsof ''liang koc .yih, every month, on the first
andfftcenth, the master -is to take the pupils to make two
bows before the gods of literature and military affairs and
before K'luei-sing (a star in the Greed Sear).

^ Ift A — I® % PH & II S 5lj It 4» filing

'"kwan jtih .jen .yih ko4 vneli' ''Hang ttfsi'f ,tesin tsr tau: 'kwan
jchung, the superintendents twice a month go themselves to
the school.

b .c'ha wen' ?kung kco pa' ,t:a 'so nienc ,tih ,shu ?ccheu
jC;huli yih* 'pen .lai cliiau*' .t'a .sheuh ])eif? they inquire in-
to the tasks of the pupils, take the books they read, select
a volume, and call on them to recite it without mistake.

n w ^* w-ii «* ft ft * n ^0 jen< ,t,-h

ts'i* 'chi 7c'lmh 'chi koc .lai cliiau' ,t''a 5slii'h jentf, as to the
characters the scholars know, they point them, and require
their sound to be given.

pel* .puh kwo* .lai .ho pnh* jen' .tell ts'i' 3tih; //' curt/ one
cannot recite, and docs not Ic/now characters corrcctbj.

ft!i!ft*^fi£Hi-tfem > ,fa ,tili sing-'
.niiiig t'ich tsai* .tcsiang shang* chi* kwo*'? /c ^ name is pasted
on the wall to be remembered.

58

if ?J ,san tVi< puli' ?kai
't:sing ,sien ,sheng ,fen .pieh tseh 'ta, after three times
should he not improve, the master is desired to give him.
a proportional beating on the hand.

pei< ?shu .shenh, jen* ts'i* ,clien, 'sie tsr' 'hau ;tih, 'shang ,tca
'mai .pih ,tili .t'sien, if they recite their boohs perfectly, give
the sound of the characters correctly, and write neatly, they
are to be rewarded with cash to buy writing pencils.

luL L J -2r ^ /!£ 1 IB jsliu 'kwan 'li 'yen ta< .hioh ,shen<»t

t-*»-* j t/ / O

jC'hi fu* 'siau .hioh jsheng, ngai4 'ta chiac ,tih 'kan ,tfc'a
c'huh c^liir', pulic 'chun shangc 'kwan, if in the school any
old scholar ill treat any young scholar, and if there be any
who are fond of fighting, they must be driven fro in the school.

LESSON -52. A CAVEKN.

Jj^ |IS •'£} U 7l^ ^ ^ 'W ^f=t $3 7^mo's' ?.veu .Yiiu'shui
tniigc shr' 'yen^niing-,tih; on the west of the capital, the
Cloud and .water cavern is celebrated.

pull* ?ynen tsai£ ,kau ;shan ,pien shangc? it is not distant
from the coal mines, aiyi is on the side of a high hill.

=t Ufa fSj it ^ n Hlf^ A m $% ^'yeu .ho Bha.,g«

elm- tsai* tung* .men t'i* k^eh/' .jen '"ling In* ;tih; there is a
priest ivlio lives at the door of the cavern, who leads lite
way for visitors.

^ ^ 3/C -jfi ^ ^. ~k t&i' jClioli 'liwo 'pa 'tseu tsinc c'Lir',
taking torches they enter..

Ijk W &\J 35 &M ffij$$ &/7\^ f& $J ffi'ti mien£ ?ti]i •sn'ili

.t*eu 'fang full/' ,tili 'ishiu .c'hcng ,tih jping, the stone with-
in, is lilce dropping lu at er forming icicles.

}J±| -2* clie: koc tung* 'yen 'k^en chiau( tso£ .nieu .lang 'k*eu
Dgai; teh 'hen 'tsnng yau* .p^a ,choli tsinc c(huf, this cav( rn
has a passage called the herdsman's passage, it is very
!uw ; you ni-ust creep to pass through it.

59

<.yib In' tsin< c'lnV 'king chi<
"hen ,to, allthe way in, the curiosities are very numerous.

.lung 'pa 'slieu ,choh tung' 'k'eu, £/iere are two stone drag-
ons guarding the casern entrance.

.lung .t'an shic ,kan ,tih .pai .lung .t'anshi' 'yen 'shui ,tih,
there is also a Mack dragon pool, which is dry, and a
white dragon pool with water.

^ $fe j^ ~H? yen' 'y°u jshwen '1m ,cliwang, there is also
a pillar called the tiger-tying post.

.jen taue tung{ 'li .lai .sitin 'chau "jmu .shili, foriiic.rly a
man ivent into the cavern to seek for precious stones.

$$ ® M n & 4SLl8t3tJ P"h' ^hl slien* ?mo .yuen
kuf 3tca tsieu' 's'i 'liau; I do not know what was the cause
of it, Init he died there.

m &M% ± M- it w m j % m ^m ,tih

tsai' ,tca ,tih ,shen shang7^ ,tsien ,tsien ,tih .c'heng 'liau
.shi'h .t'Qii, loater dropped on his body and gradually he
was turned into stone. ^.^

4- II ^ ^ ft ® ft ^ J&jn ,chin ,t'ang tsai' tnng'
'li mien£ .fuh ;choh ti:? he is now lying in the cavern with
his face to the ground.

-S SS A ff4 i^ ISI 1^1 $J If che< .shih .tceu .jencliiau'
tsoc .hwei .hwei .pieh 'pan, this stone man is called the
Mahometan selecting precious stones.
L JrA M $& -If ?!<• tsine c'hii' .pah 'li luc 'yen 'shui,
after entering for a distance of eight li there is water.

ijj^ .ho shang: 'tsau pac mulr' ,t:eu tsoe 'liaukoc clink-' .1,-ui
puh: chiau' jen tsinf c4iuc yen' 'yuen, the priests early
made a wooden barrier to prevent persons going farther.

H ^ RJ ^ PK 1® A J§ * fl it !'-U * Aia c'hing'

' '_•• • -'

.nion jcliien 'yen 'Hang ko< jcn t>siu< c'liii' mer 'yen c'huh
.lai, in the reign of Kia-Ving (about 50 years since) two
men entered wlio never came out again.

3?

^vk* »

LISTS OF USEFUL WORDS AND SHORT PHRASES.

I. Place and Direction.

;1i }\\\(^r^ inside.

outside.

H .c'lieng -li, »» *;

.c'heng war, outside the city.
} T .Chilian sLang:, o;i thetywjdlye^
': JL .leu shang*', w/> stairs.

Celling ,si; tt;e,s^ of the capital.
;.:Hf/*llj ,kung 'pei, wo?^/i ofthewmg%£
gX tS ^ 'ku .leu ,tung, eas^ o/ the drum tower.
}&i f^/ti liia:r under.
•J|i|1 |!S "T* 'chiauh 'ti hiac, ?««?c?'

ow

j^jj ]|f mia,uc .t:sien, Z^f/ore the temple.
^ pull4 tsaic? not at home.
£ tsai* ,cliia, ^fF* tsai4, c^ home.

clicc k'wai( .ri? jg ^J C^1C^ ^Uli -ri'; Acre.
tsai' nei', PJ Fp nei' ,cliung, among them.
tui' mienc, ilj )@, tui: kwo^ opposite.
& koli: C'hu^j everywhere.
.nan ,pien, <w ^Ae south.
j^ [SI jdiGU .weij JTO [Sf s'i^ mien:, all round.

-itj tlf 'pcih- ?shan, northern mountains.
P"§:V§9\si .hu, i6'<?s^ Z^e.

— ' "t y^1' •c^i'^13 straight.

:

$ i r"

^' ' £XOi

~ IT

PJB Jfe 'na ?li. wit ere?

iB 3J nac 'Ji, 2$ |4 n,v .liai .11, *tev>.

$5 — 'f^ 21 'na yih*' .tvian. tan', which road?

jg J|| 3>J£ che* 'li .lai, cowe here.

Aj) fj-l ,sin jchung, in the heart.

-^ 0 ,chin jilr', -^ yc* 5cliiri .n; to-day.
^ 0 .ining ji'li^ ^ J^ .miug .n, to-morroic.
|J^ 0 .tsoli j'ili'j Iff: 7^ -tsoli ,ii, yesterday,
-^ ^v jdiiii jt'ien, to-day.
B£J ^C .ming jt^ien, to-morrow.

^ 0 hcuc ji'hc, ^ "ft. lieu( ,tfien; c^a?/ t{/7er to-morrow.
$R -^ ju ,chin. J!J -^ hi.cne ,chin,
^ "K ,tang Ilia-'. ^ i@, ,tang liien'.
^ 2J5 heuc .lai, afterwards.
yC ^ ,sien yau, yo?i must first.

$L iH yD nioli- heuf .ri', ^ ^ moli£ heuc, afterwards] at last.
]\£) j$$ 'ngeu .Jan., f^ j^J 'ngeu .ri', occasionally.
1JQ ^ .siiin .c'kang, ^4 ^ .c'Jiang .c'hang, constantly.
TF. cheng<£5 TF ^h clieng* tsaic3e/2«si as; just at.
|% [SllJ .tcsai ,kang, /^ .t:sai?c;ws^ noio.

Wi $Ji >kaug .t:sai, ^Jjj ^jj ,kang ,kang, ^l) ,kang, just now.
J5% Ht tsieu' ,sliwo, lie then said.

year.

hwulie .jan, suddenly.
already.

p .ming .nien, next year.
Pl§ — -. ^C -keli ,san .t'ien, after three days.
7F. Jq ,cheng yueh^^r^ month.
lah' yiieh', twelfth month.
hia' ,Aviij /?? fAe afternoon.

_|±J. j|5£ tsai' shwoc, say it again.

^- 0 1^C fl- ?TV ,san ji'h: heuf ;tsai .lai; come, again after

three days.

—-- J3 ft ri' yueli' 'li, ift #7ie second month.
7J& im $SI 'cni 'tien ^cluing, ^$| p ^g 'chi hiac ?chung, ivhat

is the hour ?

* B^ 'chi .shi, what time?

^ .yili ko: Ti.paic; o?ie iveeJc.
panc koc yueh^ half a month.

• op ^j±. yiliff .nien pan:7 a year and a half.
—* Jfi 5^ ri'c ;keng ( i ) ,1/ien, the second ivatch.

tfj] — ' ,c*hu ,yili7 the first day of the month. [cade.)

^<7] ^ ,c:hu 'chi; ivliat day of the month it is? ( in the first de-
"f* ^.shi'h 'chi, what day of the month? (in the second decade.)
-— 1 3H ri; •s^1'1'n 'cnij ^°- (in tne 3rd decade.)

3. Affirmative and Negative Expressions.

.mei 'yen,

is none; there are none.

;fff ,clio, it is so ; yes.
^ ylL 'yeu 'ni, is

puhf tcsohf, ^ is not wrong \ it is so.

pnlic shi':, it is not so. .

'ko 'i, you may; it will do.

3> 7ccha puh£ ?to, it differs little.

puh' .li, ^ ts not far from it.

?ccha 'yuen, it is very different.

'tsiing yau'? you must.
'tsung shi(j it must be...
tsieu{ shi:, it is just...
.tcsai sh'i'j ^ «s ^7^e?^ correct.
.yuen slir', ^ *s as before.
puh4 jCliiij ^ matters not which.
puli( 'chiin, ?'i is not certain.

03

pull' ting*, it is not certain.

'yen 't'sii, ^ is pretty ; it is well.

.mei 't'sii; # «s ?&o£ pretty ; it is not well.

pull' 7pili; ?/o?* need not.

^ 'k'o pub/ slii'f5 ^ i-s not so'/

puh- ,tfung; ?^o^ reasonable.

puhc .King, /^ will not do.

puli* tui', ^ c^oe.s wo^ agree.

-wu lunc, tvithout considering.

puh* p'ei^ ought not; not a match for.

pull4 ;kan, not dare.
^f* it pulif 'chi', does not stop; not only.
^ ^ pulic ,kwan, it does not concern.
Jffi ^f* S pingc puhf slir', it certainly is not.
jfi l3l pull"' 'tung, / do not understand.
x^» "^ puh: 'k:en, not willing; I will not.

puhc tau' "pen, not so much as I gave for it.

4. Common Adjectives.

,to, many, ty 'shau, few.

tsing4, clean, ||g 'tsang, dirty.
jkau? high, )ffc jti, low.
,kfc'wan, wide, ^ 'chaih; narrow.
'j wan 3 soft. S^ ying^ hard.
.c<hmng,^oor.^|j fuc; rz'cA.

fjv[ .heng ,tih, across; §g ^ snu' >tih, upright.
^ Jiang, co7(f;^fc johfj 7iOi(.
k'wai", quick, 'j'g mantf, sZoztf.

lien4 .c'heng ,tili, ready-made; ready.

ing: tso4 ?tih, wiacZe to order.
heir, thick.^^. .pauh; thin.
t'ien, sit/'ee^,^ .suan, 61
'k-'u, bitter.^ laf. /io^.

'han

"lif ^ $*J 'sheng .t'sien ,tih, economical.

-i' -t'sien ,tih, wasteful in expenditure.
pulr 'han,
> square.

.p'ing .c'hang, common.
,liei, Hack; dark& .pa

.c'liang,

a?^; strange, ^b .sheu, ?v/^;
Zo?^(7; ^g 'twan, 6-/for/,

Q-V5*

kweic, dear ; honourable, $:§ tsien^ cheap; m.<'<ni.
jslien, c?eep,^| Jtcsien, shallow.
'leng, co?cZ, t^ .nwan, warm.

.sin, wcw, cliieu^ oZ^Z.

,sung, loose; easy ; light, f|t 'chin, ^'r

,clien, true$H 'chia, false.

^ ;lan .sli'ili, honest, ^g ^ .cliicli .slii

-^ jcliien ,hii, humble, Sjji ^ ,chian ngauc, proud.

9J ?t:simg .ming, intelligent, ^ PenS stupid.

IS* pienc , tang, convenient.

'cheng, entire, ^ JL -tsa lan:, confused.

W li* ^iaiS dangerous.

cluing', heavy$j& 3cfliing, Z/^//^.

B yC'liing .])aih?^fcm/ intelligible.

^ .nan .toll, rare. ^ ^?/ .yung ik

5. Prepositions.

.ho, .hwan, .hai, a^cZ; ?<>•/£//.
.lien, together with. |sj .thing, ^f* PngS ?6'^/'^
tauc, fo.

'ta, $t .tcsung, /v-owi. ^ .yen, from; by.
icr, on behalf of. f^ tai4,/or.
tsai/, «^; to le at.
lihuii;-". lowc/rds: to.
,kon. with as a coir unction such as and}.

(if)

fj .tang, before, as in ^ ij£ pjj ]|f ,tang 'wo mien' .t'Hicn,
j* tur, toivards, in correspondence with. [before my face.
l^j wei',ybr; m account of.
p" 'kei?/or; /o give to. Head chr, <fo give.
>] ;yin, as |2ij ^ivjj ,yin wei', because of.

G. Postpositions.

% '*X as innj I I f -ya -men 'li; m f/^c magistrates
"|U .t'sien, &c/o?-c? !M if 'ken .t'sien. [^«.

Pp jclimig, m, as in P3 '^P nei^ ,chung, among them.
^ hcu', behind, ^ ^ .mon lieu', behind the door.
_£, sliang^ w^o??.; as ^p JT. ,slien shang', on the person.

p lriatf, under, as^- p 'sheTi liia', wider the hand.
y^ waif, outside, as in f^ $p .men waif, outside the door.
P3 neif, inside, as iuAu) (^ ,sin iiei', .-«?/- if/jc Itecirl.

7. Fragmentary Clauses at the end of Sentences.

.wan, «w(Z #//r/i ?t'/^ be sufficient.
it3ntf pa', then let it be so.

.c'lieng, an interrogative of remonstrance.

^El -t^'sai jch'i tair, rrwr? f/^'y* ;/o?i ^viY/ know.
n interrogative o
i ^t'# «Y ie *o.

8. Conjunctions.

tanc, tan'

^ iJt IS" ifc ^f ^b .lieu ,sliwoh liwa' 'ye puli' .rierig, Ac
could not even speak.

>'6 numerous.

f 'tan pull' ''pi .t'sniig .t'sieih yet it is not to
be compared with the past.
^[ — ' /fl| ,keng 'yen yih' 'cliniig, there is also another sort.

M ^ $t ife & S T ;-sui ojiri -IIPIU 'hw^' '.vc hh'i'' •ch'1'

'liaii, although you should, repent, yet it is too late.

en c'ni -a^" )^(^n; ^o^A eattn-ff and drinking.

68

"l=f ($ Jun* sh'i' tsai' Pu^r 'k'en ^i*1? ?

Jljyfc S tsieu'' f>h''l'S ew-'ft if] but even. \you are not ivilling.

Jf* :}i^ pulr .tuli, not only ijjj. .lien, £>?/£ a&o

II ~ - Wit ft ^ ffi 2fc wauc yih' tsieu' tso- pub/ ,c'lmh

.lai, ev^'/i {/'//e can in no case do it.
— ' ®f ^ — ' [B] 7^ y^1" mien' 'tseu yih/ mien* 'siau, Ae 6o^/i

walked and smiled, or he ivalked on entiling.
A & il.A A &4ME tfl -twan shi" ,kwo lu-' .hwan
shr t^eli* .lai ,tih. ivhether you arc passing, or have come
on purpose.

W ffl 7 IS 1^. ^ l>ulic ,chi 'k£o yung' 'liau fair
mull 'you, 7 do not know whether they have dined or not?

ing ?S1< P11^1' 'kan, rather die than dare do it.
fflb -£g£ .c'bieu ;ye .wu .yih, entreating is also of no use.
~"^52*li^ — ^^^i^^ y^1' 'bwei ai ,k'ai ,choh
vili; 'hwei .ii' ,kwan .clioh, for a moment he opened it and
then in a moment he closed it.
JH .hwan, .han or .liai. ancLjg ^ — ' ^ .hai 'yen ,yih yang4,

and there is another thiny.
j|fj[ H. ping' 't^sie, and further.
f^ H. shang' 't'sie, awc^ if further.
"tfc v^ ifc tS 'ye Jsnen 'ye jt^sing, 6o^A deep and clear.
$\ 'tan, but, ifc "'ye, &w«, and§fc J| ^J5 ^|| ^ ^,shwoh
yauf .lai 'tau puh* .lai, he said he would come but did not.
fa 'ye, but, and ffi =£ fa || $f ?ni c-'hii4 'ye .keng 'hau,

/>M# «Y would be better for you to <jo.
(D jjfc ,yin t'si'S 0f J^ ''so ;i, therefore.
[SI ^J >yin -wei? ^^caw-s-e,^ ^ ^r weic ,tih slir', because.

chiau' ,t'a, ^ fffii yauc ,t'a, tw orrZer ^a^ /^^, or so
that he.-.

ung p'a', /c^^

C 't'anghohS -{/;fj^ $1 ?t:ang shr, ?/.
]j± joh-' shic or yau' shr, ?/.
/c chi' .jan, -if it be already so.

9. Names of Imported, articles. Wax, etc,
£J ^ BIH jln' 'p^n lfihc. Japan wax.

67

f"pj vffi JBU -UOIi -y('
,siau, salt pet re.

Ipf fl^ .hwang lair', yellow bees' wax.
^ ||r .lieu .hwang. sulphur.

10. Imports, Incense. Pepper, etc.

benjamin.

Vft >noan j8^1 -y°u- °M °f yum benjamin.
.Van ,hiang, sandal-wood.
W .paih .hu ,tsmu, ^r/uVe pepper.
W ,lieih .hu ,tsiau, &?c/cA; pepper.
.c'heu ,hiang, garroo-ioood.
.hian«\

Jt

11. Imported Medicines.

-we^ assafcetida.

shang' ; pi rig pcientf, c?ca7i barooa camphor.
^a£ ?ping P'ienc; refuse baroos camphor.
" ^ 3ting ,hiang, cloves.
^r ~P ^ ;mu .ting ,hiang. mother cloves.
(J >K ^f1 W jinC ^ll< ?nieu .hwang, Indian cow bezoar.
i ^ -ri -cC^a? cutch.

ping .lang 'kau, betel-nut cake.
,ping .lang, betel-nut.

^ 'mei -kwoh shen% or PQ ^ ;«i shen'; American
gnseng.

^ ^'chien tsingf shen^ ,sii shen^ ^e ginseng root
denuded of its hairy appendage.
^§* j11 j^ian»? olibanum, gum resin, or frankincense.
^ ^ moh' yauh', myrrh.
^ ^E 'ten k:eu-' ,h\va, nutmeg flowers.
^ julr' 'kwo or |^J § ^ julr 'ten k'eu:, nnhnegs.
S ^ -paih 'ten k'eu', rose ma-Hows.
^f muhk/ jhiang, putchuck.

,si 'chiau. rhinoceros horns,

^JV g|| \shui .yiu; quicksilver.

"HP l?l -yang yauhc, opium.

^ fi$ 5?C ,}>ing Jang ,i, to7,rs of letd-nut.

IA! fe jnlic kwei4, cinnamon,.

'hu ,ku, tiger's bones.

luh' 'chiau, 6/cer 7/,or??,s.

'hmeh .chieh, dragon's Hood gum.
~/\i 1/IL j ta£ jf'eng 'tsT; hwabu.n xeal.

12. Imported Miscellaneous articles.

-yim 'mu 'c^hiau, mother of pearl d, el i.
?: ^H .t^ung 'nieii k'ou!, 7»'«,9,9 buttons.

?c^11' c'lii/, lacquered ware.
C/f^S ;lu jSiirig .shcng, Manila cordt/gr.
sail4, umbrellas.

jln'ang .c'lmi, fragrant wood,
^: war .kwoh .mai, foreign coal.
j/C ^ 'hwo .Jung, tinder.

13. Imported Marine productions.

_o_ ygt JF«J shang* yen' 5wo, birds' nests, 1st quality.
^T ?Hi? I® ?chuiig yen' ,wo, birds' nests, 2nd quality.
r |fv£ fe? luaf yen' wo, birds' nests. 3rd quaUtu.

l^f v'^=: ^=>

jlieih liai shen', black bicho-de-mar.

.paih 'liai shen',, white bicho-de-mar.

.paih .yii c'lii', ivhite sharks' fins.
^5, ,heili .yii c'hi'^ black sharks' fins.
;kan .yii, or^~ ^ .c'hai .yii; stockfish.
.yii in' } fish maws.
.hien .yii, salt fish.

;hai t'sai*', ar/'ar agar; an edible fungus.
fQ\ .nieii lull' ,cliin3 bvffalo and deer sinews.
,hia 'mi, c?ri'ecZ prawns.

69

y^ Ifb tan' fcsjii4'3 dr-kd mussels.
^^ & ,sha .yii .p;i, *

14, Imported Dyeing and Colouring material*.

l ^JC ,-Ja -I'111 'mi? cochineal.

taf ,t'sing? gamlier; a mineral green.

,su muh', sapan-wood.

'tsi* ,kfcng, sticldac; a vegetable medicine.

'^IU^ tian', ^z^H -indigo.
j> .yti yCliiau, isinglass

.p*'i ,cliiau, f//wc'.

.f-ciig .hwang, gamloae.

'k'a-u .})•!, mane/rove lark.

.sha .tcPi)g, rattans.

15. Imported Wood.

,wu inuh', ebony.

^ >fc/a cluing4 mull-' .wei, ??i«,9fs «wc? spars; hard wood.
5 calling muhc .wei, masts and spars; soft wood.
TTC cluing^ mulic Jiang, beams; hard wood.
cluing' muh/ 'pan, planks; hard wood.
Ipj^ ^v ^ , calling muh' 'pan, planks; soft wood.
Iffll J?l tM ^K -ma lilif shu' 'pan, <ea/c planks.
$1 AV .hung muh', red-wood.

^ 'ftp .man slii', camagon ivood, or rouyli persimmon.
P^p |l^ /pr ^v ,ya .Ian clii'' mull', kranjee wood.

16. Imported Time pieces Telescopes etc.

H $lf ^ t8'ic .ming ,chung, clocks.

0$ ,fe ^ .sli'i .c'hcn 'piau, watches.

^ ^ B$ M ^jdiii ,pien .slii* .c'hen 'piau, watches, emailUs

a perles.

""P M. ^ ,t'sien 'li ching', telescope.

^ BR. | M. ^ jshwang 'yen ,t''sien 'li ching'. opera glass.
l-tr fei k\va* cliing', hanging mirror.
^f lK> ^L jC'lwven ,i ching', dressing glass.

TO
/V £5 Sj£ jpah ,yin .e'liin. 'musical box.

17. Imported Cotton Good*.

IN /E -?-£ te pu' 'pcih ,hwa man', cotton and piece goods,
printed and plain.

JLfa -f-f-

TO ^KJ .mien ,hway cotton.

$!( E TO .yuen ''saih pue, <7?-e?/ shirtings.

\~3 Hi ^ -paih 'saih pir, ?^/?^e shirtings.

^ ?£ "fli -wu ;hwa puc, plain stuffs.

ffi ^X ^ .sie .wen pii/; twilled stuffs.

^3 1& fe 'ffi 'yeu jhwa 'saih pnc , figured coloured cottons.

^ffi ^E fe 'ffi -wu jhwa 'saih pue? plain coloured cottons.

ifc 'fft ,hwa \)\\^ fancy cottons.

fi t^ ll? .paih .t'i pu:7 ^7aYe brocades.

1±J rff^ llJ -paih 'tien puc, white spotted shirtings.

PP 1& ^ yinc ,hwa puc, printed cottons.

n7 chiac ,sha puf? cambric.

.yang ,sha, muslin.

twan£ pu£, damask.

-lieu .t'iau puf, dimities.

W 'fl? -ma -niien .fan pu:, cotton and canvas duck.
.mien ^sien', cotton thread.
TO ^ .mien ;sha^ cotton yarn.
TO sic .mapn^^e linen.
IN ?t(sn .ma pu'? coarse linen.

^ TO 'yii pue, bunting.

18. Imported Silk articles.

j" TO 'sheu .pcaj handkerchiefs.
ft ^ ^ ,chen ,chin sienc, ^oM thread, real.
i^. ^ ^ 'chia ,chin sien:, (/o/c? thread, imitated.
ft ^ ^ 5chin .yin sien^ silver thread, real.

'chia .yin sien:, silver thread, imitated.

?to .lo .ni, broad cloth; Spanish stripes.

71

-ho -lan Vu twanc, Dutch camlets.
-ym» -kwoh 'yii ,sha, English camlets.
''yii .c'heu, bombazettes.
;siau .ni, cassimeres.
%$& juno sienc, -woollen yarn.
.c:liwang jdian, blankets.

'tsien -jung? velveteens.
fast-ing.

3$ %jlL '$™u 'yii -ling, imitation lasting, and Orleans
lasting.
!$ 'tsien Jung,

19. Imported Metals.

jsheng .tk'ung, unmanufactured copper.
k ^ -sheu .t^ung, manufactured copper.
h. ^ jsheng 'tfieli, unmanufactured iron.

^ .sheu 'tfieh, manufactured iron.
& % jC'hien k'wai', /eao? w p^r/5.
S) .kang, .s^ee^.
^ ,sih, #m.

£) |IJ 1^ ?ma 'k'eu Vieh, #m plates.
0 ^C $|Sj ji'h' 'pen .t^ung, Japan copper.

7c'hien p'ieii^, ^eac^ m sheets.
o -Paih jC^hieri, spelter.

-hwang .t'ung jting, brass nails.

® ^ jshang .c'hwen .)rah tsaic 't'ieh, kentledge.

h .si', -iy-ow wire.

20. Imported Precious Stones, etc.

l -IIia 'nan. cornelians.
^ .ma 'nau .chu. cornelian beads.
tai- mar, tortoise shell.
^ tai- mai- sui', broken tortoise shell.
JT ?P° -^ p^ien*', window glass.

72

21. Imported Animal Products.

^p 7! .iiicu 'cliiau, buffalo horns.

^ ^ j£ ;sheiig .nieu .p'i, raw buffalo hides.

^ ' ^ <s^ieu •li*CU •1)'1'? tannc(l buffalo hides.
'/$ Ml J$L 'hai -lung -p:i; &ca-otter skin.

$& $8 JJt ta-' .1m .li .jvi, laryefox skin*.

€ 'wan .hu .11 .p'i, small fox skins.
'liu .p'i. tujer skins.
Paui -P'i; leopard skins.
fp |iC jtiau .p'i, marten skin.
Ui J^ t:ah£ .p-'i, land-otter skin.
W iB >K .la-uh ,li \van .pfc'i, racoon skin.
y$ >i^ jfe 7hai loc .p'i, leaver skin.
M JS/ 2>C ,liwei 'slm .pfi? squirrel skin.
$Sk j^V JS. O'^11 'S^1U -P"'^; err/line, skin.
Ifljj: ^ ^P 'liai 'ma .va. sea-horse teeth.
§1 ^ SP 'clieng siang: .ya, ?^o^: elephants teeth
T su^" siang4 .ya. broken elephants' teeth.
euf .p'i, 7/are sZ;ms.

?>s^ -P^j rhinoeeros skin.

t/sui' .man, kin'j-fisher feathers.

^ 'k'uug '"t'siuh .man, peaeoek feathers.

22. EJ- ported Oils. Wax, etc.

.]>aih .fan, alum.
P3 ^^ ,t:siug .fan, green alum or copperas.
/\ /*J V(J /P'1^1 Lilian .yen, vnniseed oil.
^±. JX Vttl k \vt3i' .p'i .yen, cassia oil.
)*'Hf 1^ vffi pohf .ho .ytJU, pepper mint oil-

ytft .nieu .yen, butter.
^ K Vlfi j0^1'1' -ma -y^11? sesamum oil.
fwj ytft -t'*'unp: .you, o// o/'//^? druaiidra tree,
* t 'lou .ou. 6c'<«« o«V.

c'liieu' .yen, vegetable tallow.
.mien -yen, cotlon-sccd oil.

pi< .ma .yen, oil ofpalma^christi.
.paih lair, foes'

1^3

>fdb
>fzh

,pah 'chiau, star anniseed.
sholi* Jiiang, w«s7j.
k/j|j; ,pah 'chiau 3cha? lrokcn anniseed.
.sli'i .cchen',hiang; incense-sticks.

23. Exported Medicines.

,san nai', capoor cutchery.
,cliang 'nau; camphor.
siri' .slii'li, arsenic.
kwer .p(i; cassia lignca.
kwei' ?tsi'; cassia luds.

Jtfu .fuh .ling,

roof (used for making

biscuits).

V:§! Jvw .c'heng .c'hie, culcls.
M- S -liang ,cliiang, yalanyal.
^ iPf .slii'h .hwang, yellow lead (massicot).
y^ IpT ta* .hwang, rhubarb.
fH ^ .chiang .hwang, turmeric.
T. ^ jlrj ^§ ^ sluing* 'tcug ,kau .li shen, ^^6-^ Corean gin-

seng.
ginseng

±«H

hiaf 'teng ,kau .li shen, inferior Corean

ginseng.

T^0
fflICA

2pC |p shang* 'teng j ih* 'pen shen, best Japanese

[ ginseng.

2J£ ^p^ hia* 'teng jih* 'pen shen, inferior Japanese

g£ ,kwan 3tung .jcn shen, Manchurian ginseng.

nen: lull* .Jung, young deer horns.
Jfg 1^ 'lau lull1-' .Jung, old deer horns.
El 41 ^,chung .kwoli .nieii .hwang, Chinese coiv lezoar.
$\ft ,pan .man, caniharides.
>(% jkwei ,chi', cassia twigs.

.c*lien .p*i, oranc/e veel. fi5 j? .cliii .]

74

!shangc 'teng yen' .p'i, superior piimdo peel.

>jj^ Jjjjhia' 'teng yen' .p'i, inferior pumelo peel.

^Pt P°hc ^I0 y^h-S peppwr&VNt leaf.

,kan 't'sau, liquorice.

.slab ?kaii; ground gypsum ; plaster of Paris.

'wu peic 'tsi, nut-galls.
,fong niiliS honey.

24. Exported Miscellaneous Articles.

liau' 'sheu .chub, bangles or j/tes cmnlcts.
.chuh c'hiS lamloo ware.

'cliia ,shan .lm,/a?se cor«7.

panc .chuh, /re-^o?V^s (formerly made of bamboo.)
| 'yu slum' J'eatler fans.
liau£ c'hi', w.«^-/t7e </?ass «0«?-e.
h{l^li 5cliu? nat'ive glass leads.
'yii sail' umbrellas.
.iin .shi'hj marlle slabs.

, (pith paper,)

'chi shan-', paper fans.

^ 'cliia ,chen ,clm,/

'ku wan', antiques; curiosities; *gf S Jku 'tung.

JH sic .kk'wei shan£, trimmed palm leaf fans.

Jl -tisn -k'wei shan:, untrimmed palm leaf fans.

^ loir' tco .mau, cawieZ's hair.

^- .mien .yang .man, «c?oo?.

zfc jShan .yang .mau, groaf s hair.

5chan suiS/e?* cuttings, or suic ,chan.

'clii ,hwa, jpa^er/ozyers.

't'u .mei, Chinese coal.

25. Exported Colours, Paper , etc.

=J .tcung .poh, brass foil

-Iiu6g ,tan, rc^ Ze«t? (uiinium).

. vermilion.

itf -yeu 3 1 :sili hwa', oil paintings.

jC-'hien 'fen, white lead (ceruse).

.hwang ,tan, yellow lead (massicot).

,chu ,,slia, cinnabar.

Jt T-J* ^K shang' 'teng 'clii', superior paper.
3^ ^rf $R t'sT* 'teng 'clii, inferior paper.
yft ^R .yeu 'c^'1'1'; °^f? paper.
§ inolic, Indian ink.
f^r ,t4sih, paint.

^JJ£ jtsung, cozV, the thready Lark of the tsimg or coir tree.
^ .ma, hemp.
Jl§if ^ ;ten 't^sau, ^a^> wicks.

J8 Jfl ?fc 'kwang jtung sohc, Canton twine hern p.
^ / H xft jsn jCheu soli', Sucheu twine hemp.
Mr ^ ,t:sih uV, green paint.

JL, ^C '^Cu t'len^ c^r?/ indigo.

vii ^y jkcerig ,slia, manure cakes or poudrette.

26. Various Exported Ware.

W In? .nieu ,ku c'hi^ buffalo bone ware.

.nieu 'chiau cchic, buffalo horn ware.
^ sic .t'sT c'lii^^we china ware.

,tcsu .t-'si c'hi£, coarse china ware.
H S|Sj ^ .palh .t(ung cfhi', peivter ware.
.hung .t'ung c'hi', copper ware.
[S muh£ c"hic, wood ware.

i|_l 7

^^ siangc .ya c'lii*, ivory ID are.

,c£hih cfhi£? lacquered ware.

*jj% !jjj$ .yiln 'mu c'hiauc c£hi:, mother of pearl ware.

.tfen£T c'hr, rattan ware.

.fan ,hiang c'hr; sandal-wood ware.
,chin c'lii', gold ware.
.yin c'hi', silver ware.
jj£r taif mai* c'hi', tortoise-shell ware.
.p£i ,siang, leather trunks.
.p'i kang:, leather boxes for holding silver.
^ .p'i c'liic, leather articles.
.yau ho:; earthen ware pottery.
Ijj? .hwang .tiling c'lir, brass ware.
Irf) .fung .nieii Ir'eu/, brass buttons.
.f uno; ,si. brass wire.

o 7

.fung, copper ore.
cliieuc .tcung p:ienc, old sheathing copper.

27. Exported Wood.

,kan, bamboo poles.
.f eng jeuc, split rattans.

jdiwang .liang .t'o clm^ piles } beams , cross-
beams and pillars.
; ^J -f* .t:eng .Jang 'tsi'; rattans striked of bark.

28. Exported Clothing.

pu£ ,i .full, cotton clothing.
.c'heu ,i ,fuli, silk clothing.

$|k -p'i jliiue twanc ,liiue, leather and satin boots.
^^ .p'i .liie twanc .liiai, leather and satin shoes.
'f sail .hie, straio shoes.
fJH n^ .c'heu mau£, silk caps.

\ yjjfc 'tcsau man' ?pien, straw lioi braid.

29. Native Linen and Cotton Manufactures.

csu hiaf puf, coarse grass cloth.
it 'ftj 'tni pu:, native cotton cloth.
1U ^S ^? cliieu: .mien sir', old cotton rags.

pi .mien peic ;tu'ai? palampore or cotton led quilts.
30. Exported Silk Manufactures.

.mien ,h\va. raw cotton.
-liu 5sT? Hu-chcu silk.

't'u jSi, Si7& produced in the neighbourhood.
:? ,s'i jelling, thrown silk.

ribbons.

-Ian jkan kwei: taif, silk sashes with cassia
flower pattern.

i7^ thread.

i, 'pongees.
7$X twan', satin.
j||| chiuen:, lutestring.
nj& <^ cheu' ,sha, crape.
TjH .ling, damask silk.
$j| .lo, fo?tf, a &mc? of silk striped across loith flowers.

§7J$( 'tsien Jung, velvet.
^ sieuf ho', embroidered goods.

/feft I^S w ^H ?S1 -mien .tsah hof, si7/j a^c? cotton mixtures.
)\\ ^ ^ sir ,c'huen .hwang ,s'i; Sze-chuen yellow silk.
§ .tcung ,kung ;si, silk reeled from dupions.

)|^j , shan ,tung ?chien .c'heu, Shan-tuny silk piece
goods.

/fe. ^ 'wei sienc, tassels.

^ "M ^C koli£ 'sheng Jung, floss from various provinces.
)lf ^ ftc 'kwang ,tung Jung, Canton floss.
§j MS -t'san 'chien, cocoons.
SL ^ Sft Iwan' ,si .tceu, refuse silk.

%$L JS? ti£ -sih,
Jfe 3| .pi 'tfan
^ ^ ,chan Jt(an, druggets and carpets.

7<s
31. Exported Articles of Food, etc.

mill4' chien' .t'ang 'kwo, com/its andsweatmeats.
Isf ytfl tsiang' .you, soy.
S ^ffi .paih .t'ang, white sugar.
7J^ /||§ ,c'lrih .fang, brown, sugar.

,ping .t'ang, sugar candy.

.liwang ,yen, tobacco.

^ ,yen ,si, prepared tobacco in threads.

^ .yen yeh', tobacco in leaf.

jj ^ j$j^ ,cliung .kwoh .pill ,yen, Chinese snuff.

\ 3j5 taf .t'eu t'sai', salted turnips.

^ 'fen , si, vermicelli ( 'fen ,ser).
YJM 'chieu, samshoo.
J?^ ^ 'hai t'sai', seaweed.

t tl^R

yC lifi. ^wo j^^11^; hams.
jfj( ^| ^ .liien ,clii tanf, salted fold eggs.
^' ^ pien' tan', preserved duck eggs (also
|jU ^ 'Ian .jen, ofo've scecZ ('Ian jer).

W. in ;i-^n 'lan. °^^'-

hingc .jen, apricot seeds or almonds.

' ,hiang liin', mushrooms.

j?j$ ,cliin jchen t'sai', dried lily flowers.

mull* .ri, wood ear.

kwei' .yuen, luny ngan, a fruit.

[^J kweic .yuen jeuh', lung ngan, without the stone.

li' ,chi, lichee, a fruit.

.lien 'ts'i, lotus nuts.

,cli'i .ma, sesamum seed.

.oh' ,hwa ,slieng, or j^ ^fe ^ .c'liang ,sheng
'kwo, ground-nuts.

?E ^ ^ ,nwa ,sheng 'ping, ground-nut cake.
§ ten', &caws ; ^ H[ .heih ten', Z>^ac7j &ea?is.
joT p^ teu' 'ping, &ea?i cake.

TJt ^ ftt ^ 'mi maih' .tsali Jiang, rice, wheat and other
cereals.

Iffi 2fj swan' .tfou, onion*.
^ -f* lili' 'ts'i, chestnuts.
HI J ! ,heih 'tsau, 6/«c
$! J | .hung 'tsau, rerf dates.

32. Common Utensils.

t'sai' ,tau, clioppincj knife.

mien< chang', ^a-sfe roller, or 'kan mien' kwun4, stick for
.t'iau 'sau or .t'iau 'shu, strata brush. [kneading.
"* 'tan 'tsi, brush made of (,chi .man) /oz^Z feathers.
$\] -f* ,shwali 'tsi'; ?>-rws/i of pig bristles (,chu .man) or goat's
hair (,shan .yang .mau). [a paw-

^| ,kwo, irow, cooking pan; ,kwo 'ping, bread cakes baked in
.shau, r/ce spoon; 'ta ,kwo 'li .yau ,c4iuli fanc .lai,

?^ o/ ^e ^aw.

't/san 'tsi'j iron ladle; "t'ieh tso' ,tih, wiac?e of iron.
.tieh 'tsi, plate; ,yih p'eng' tsienf pfoe; t(?iY/i owe blow
'wan, c^; basin; fan4 'wan, r/ce Jo?«??. [^ is broken.

'fu 'ts'1'; aa5e or hatchet; ,pcih .ccliai; ^o c/*op ?t;ood
micn£ 'pan, kneading board.
'hwo .In, stove; ,sheng 'hwo .lu, /z'^7^ ^7ie stove.
^| .t;sui; mallet; .tsa ,tung ,si ? till, /or beating things.
•^f -J-* ,ting 'ts'i, nails; .lang .ttfeu, hammer.
^§chii:, sa?^; chii: muhe .tceu yungc ,tih, used for sawing'ivood,
3$L ~^T -pCcn 'ts'i; c?/s7i; basin; 'kco ;i 'si 'lien, /or tv ashing the

face.
JJJC -J-* .p'ing Jtsi'; bottle; jar ; .c'heng .yen, ^o contain oil.

.cfhu kwei£, kitchen cupboard', .c'heng .tieh 'ts'i 'wan,
o ji9i^ away plates and basins. >
5g 'shui .hu, kettle; ,sliau ,kfai 'shui, £o &oi7 water.
^ 'shui ,shau, bucket; ,tfiau 'shui, ^o carry water.
^ 'ii sanc, umbrella; 'tang'uyungtf ,tih, used to ward off
^ .c'lia .liu, tea-pot. 3$i -f ,c'ha 'tsi,fork. [ram.
fJS .c'ha 'wan, tea-cup. pjjy ^ .t'iau ,kcng, spoon.

33. Vegetables.
.paih t^sai". cabbage.

SO

^H ^ ,sheng t'sai', lettuce.

jKl ;T^; 'chieu tksai£, scallions.

yjj£ ^ -po t^sai4, winter coarse greens.

JT ^ .c'liin tfsaif? parsley.

§^ .yuen ,sui, caraway.
® .lo peihc, turnips', .hung .lo peili:, radishes.
$h ,tcsung onions; ,t:siing .tfen, onions bulls. [sant odour.
^ swan', garlic; ^ 5^ ^7* XT c'hic weicpuV Jhau, unplea-
|jLj jlffifr , shan yauh', Chinese yam; ,shan .yau .t:eu, English
^ ^ ten*' 'chiauh, bean pods. [potatoes.

.c'hiin, edible leaves of the ,cchun tree.

§^j5 .pcu tfsai:5 spinach; ttfsuif, msp.
'ngeu, ?o^ws roots; -ftf ^ .ho ,liwa, ?o#«5.
^ S ^ .hwang teuc .3% yellow bean sprouts.
^ S ^S ^uaC ^eut "^fsaif? ^'ee?i bean sprouts.
j?§ jit ,si 5kwa; ivater melon; .hu .lu, gourd.
3E JKt .wang jkwa, or .hwang ;kwa, cucumber.
^ jttl jtimg ,kwa; j^ ^ 5 wo 5kwa? pumpkin.

.nan ,kwa, or .fan 3kwa;y?a< yellow pumpkin.

34. Domestic Animals.

,cliij fold; ?chi cliiauc, cock-crow.

j§ .man, ca^; -^s. ^ j^y .na ;lau 'shu3 ca^c/
| 'keu, dog', ^jjf ^S kcanc ,cliia, ivatch the house.

peif 'ma, saddle a horse.

.nieu, co?6?;f^i|Ji ,ching tr, plough the ground.
.yang,»^eep;jfc ^ fangc .yang, ^e/^ o?
-^J- .111 'tsi; ass; ,c4iien cchiic ting' 'chang,
shod.

"J"" 1°' ^s§1'j mu?Gi Pa' ?"t"a t;aucshang';p?«^/i/^i in harness.
, yah, dwdk;flB§ S ,yah tair', duck eggs.
.ngo, f/oo5e;^§ % .11 go .man, </oose quills.

35. J&Vcfo.
- en*' 'Isi. swallow or martin,

11

^C Jt@ ,t'ien .ngo. swan.

JH liwa' .mei, ivhite-eyed thrush.
S3* S6 'ye jcnij common pheasant,
H Ml fengc .hwang, phoenix.
Jjffi iJ| ,pan ,chieu, pigeon.
$,| ?|5 ,ngan ,cchun, quail
J\ |j;§ ,pah ,ko, raven.
^%J3 ;lau ,kwa (read ,ya), ringed raven.
|H ,ying, 7^azr/j.

J^ J^5i jfei tfsuic, variegated king-falter,
"S" ?S .paih .Hng, singing lark.
ijir ^$ ;M 'c'hitieh, magpie.
^| -^p .ying .ko, parrot.
^L ^i 'k:ung 'c'hilieh, peacock.

'ye ,yah, drake.

,yuen .yang, mandarin duck,

' jdiiiien, goatsucker.

C 'nwo ,chi, turkey.
1U| $i| -sien -nauh, crane.
^ ^i , chia 'c'hilieli, 7iowt«?e sparrow.
y\? ^i .slia ,clii, grouse.
^jft VJIi 'pien 'tsui, broad-billed] ^ Pj^ .tsicn Jtsai,

?Pa '^au -c^liang, ?o?i^r tailed.
fliic 'pang 'tsi tac, ^s «(?m
IS 'chang puhc ,fen lieu£7 web-footed.
^E .bung .poll .ri'j red necked.
shu- shang', on trees' fT ^'ta .wo. make their nest

36. Fishes.

-tk @ HI 'pi mulr .ii.
]4? ^ ,sha .ii, shark.

w!" /St ,cliiu .u, yold fish.
r^ £:&.
E3 8jf .paih shair; wAt*e ee£.

.hwang shan'., yellow eel.

carp.

.men .ii

'^i -ti, mackerel.

;^a -u '\\ang, fishing net.
.ti

,po .li .ti ,kang, ^?ass globe for goldfish
,chin .ti .G^i^ pond for goldfish.

*u, fresh fish.
hieri .ti, salt fish.

Furniture, etc

.wei '"tsi, c^o^A covering of a cart.
-f* 3cflie .lien Jtsi, car* &/md
,cche .lun, car* wheels.

'he chang£ 'tsi, sww atoning in front.
'wei; projecting wood behind a can.
^ie .yuen 'tsT, *7ie s/io/iJs o/ a car*.
,sin, the part that connects the cart with the
wheels.

x^^" ~y>*

TO "J jC'he ,siang 'tsi, inside of a carl.

5^ .lung .t'eu, /iorsc collar.

f^ kSva' .vucn, *o sit on the shaft.

'kan ,c'he; to drive a car/.

c 'tsi ,la 3c-he; 97^^i/es f/ra/y *7ie dart

•,k-'ai ,c'lie, *o sc* a cart in motion.

m~J"* chia' .yuen lo£ 'tsi, *7^e shaft mule,

,pien t'au% *7ie side mule, or leading mule.

-f* 'ma pierr 'tsi*, ?6'7i^.

t'air .c'he. *o harness a carl.

38. Words used in Bui! ding.
i c'hi .t;t?iang, to build, a wall.
mo .ni, to %>lastcr with mud-
.ma ,tau, hemp.
SJ ?lf,fang ,chwen, square bricks; 'lei ,chwen, build up bricks.
H J^C .paih ,hwei, lime; ,shwah, to brush. [cement.

P3 J^C ,tcsing ,hwei, blue lime; lime coloured to make a, blue
i!/6 JL .ni 't'u, mud; mortar; tso' shangc .rii. put on mortar.
jjf JfL Vhan 't'sau, to mix straw. v [pavement).

^S SB .shi'h .tfeu, stone; manf .shi'h .t:eu, _p?ace stones (as a
>fc 4^ ir ' " ^««7 wood; shang* .liang, _p?ace beams.
Jjfa 'wa, tiles ; ,ngan shang4 'wa, pz^ on tiles.
jd$± ,pfi, large earth-bricks; 'lei .p'i, fo ^9^7e mud bricks.
'^k "X" .wei 'tsi, reeds; ,chiah .11 ,pa, to w-a/ce a hedge.
Vtt} w -yeu 5c'hih, paint; shang' ,cchih, fo paint. •
I8c MM ?c'hieh, twair, a partition.

39. Liquids.

V@ 'tsit'U, loine ; samshoo ; ,chen 'tsieu, pour out wine.

Pa t-'sir, vinegar ; 'ta tfsu'? ^>w?/ vinegar.

yft .yeu, o«7; yih' .chin .yen, a ca^?y o/ o?7.

W yft ,tsiano- .yeu, soy. ,koh shano;c .veu,»?^ some soy in it.

v--~~4 ' *^^ Oj^.7"" Ow>./ t/

y!-» -JrTi
P J-yv -lliei1 nai, co?y ,s milk.

]p^ ^'^ .hwang 'tsieu, brown samshoo, made of coarse rice.

40. Clothing.

.p'au 'tsi', foft£7 ro5e ?t/*z7/i luaist-band.
§ .mien 'ngau, wadded gown without waist-band.

'k'an ,chien; waist-coat.

-f^.mien kfu£ 'tsi, wadded trowsers ; t:au' k^u^, leggings.

tac kwaf, /o?zf/ summer robe.

'ma kwac, jacket; ,cfhwen shang', fo p?<:f ?7 o??-.
i|f -J-* mauc 'tsi', c«f ; tai* shang*, to put it on.
.hie, shoes; twanc .hie, satin shoes.
,hiiie, boots; heu' 'ti 'tsi', thick-soled.
-jr wahf 'ts'i, stockings \ ,tan wah' 'tsi'. single faced,

harif ,shan, <s//,i'r/. [.sfor/,-/??^^.

'siau kwa:. half summer robe.

?yau ^l'j girdle; waist band.
k'eir 'tsi'? button\ 'nieu 'tsi, button.
~f* 'ling 'ts'i. collar.

41. Sickness.

puhf 'sliwang k'war, wo£ zra r/ooo? spirits.
puhf ,shu 'full, ?io£ we?;.
'n^u tai' .t^eng, head-ache.
,fah ,

tuC jfuh j)uhf 'hau, stomach out of order.
'chang ,c'hwang, ^o 7tave ulcers.
,hwen, to faint.
e^i£ .lieu 'tsi, wen.
?t-an ,feDg7 palsy.
,liiah 7tsi'; blind man.
j^1 ?Jen7 inflamed eyes.
'chi611 ,cfhwang, to foment.
>sin tfiau'? palpitation of the heart.
.hwang chengc? jaundice.

jSiau hwae pull' tung£; indigestion.
) ?fah ,ngau ,sin; tendency to vomit.

42. _8oa£ Furniture, etc.

-P'eng, a sail.

j|§ yunC .Hang .c'hwen, grain junk.

jdian .cr'hwen, war junk.
iS: 'pai tuc, to ferry over.
JlBf -yen .c'hwen, sa^ &oa^.
,t*sang, cabin] hold', hiaf ?tcsang, ji??/^ down in the cabin.

?tcsang 'pan, c?ec/j planks.

.c'hwen .wei, ???.a«^.

j^ /eiio s^nf -c'hi? tt streamer.

-wei jteng, was^ lanthorn.

t'iauc 'pan, shore plank.

/jj ,tsiang .chiiin chuc. posts on which ropes are wound.

8f>

to' rudder, t pan to:, steer to the right,
.wei, mast, $£ jf£ t'ui to\ steer to ^e /?/*.
fl? -wei 2^u? mast hoops.
$H ,feng .hwan r'i, ring for tack/ing.
-M ?ta liauS singing.
Tp| M, 'tin» >feno? contrary wind.

tsau- tsau-7 ^o row.

'^a ;P*eno5 raisc the, sail.

-c^hwen 7kan? ^>a#7i ow siWe of boat.

jt^sang ;t'i, 7ta#c/i ?^a?/ stairs.

'kwan .c:hwen ,rT7 c/i/e/ boat-man.

neng; .c'hwen, £o z^orA; ^

,tcseng ..c^hwen, i7ie ftoa« men.

t'anc .sheng, towing rope.

,t'sang, cooking cabin.

ifl $ fi& & nim-W fi^'ni ,men ,ti .c'hwen k'wai'
siang' jeir ,tsi* si' ,ti, ^oi«r &oa£ 45 sw;^ as a swallow.
^f Sf5 ® /If 'hwo^,c'hi ,tu .shui .clmu, £7?e boat-men are
all asleep.

43. Furniture, of a House.

-y* ?choh 'tsi', table; ,fang ,choh, square table.
''i 'tsi, chair ; 7c'hiuen 'i? round arm-chair.
^f/C ~J"* wuh* 'tsi, stool; ylieh' liangc ,choh, round table, [two.
^$L ffi 'Pan >teng? Zo??^ stool; bench; r'i* .jen ,teng, a stool for
IR kweic, cupboard; 'ting ,siang kweic, c7^es^ o?i ^e fop o/ a

cupboard.

^ -jr ,siang 'tsi, chest; .pci ,siang, leather trunk.
$& /L pei' ,chi, a Zo?^ toZ>^e on which bedding is piled.

.t4au ngan^ ^owy high table; ,shu ngan', to5?e for
.pcen chia:? basin stand. [books.

jsliu chiaf, book-case; ,koh,shu ,til\. for placing books.
-cChu kwei^. kitchen cupboard. [chest.

.hing ,Riano;, baggage trunk. %j* ^§ .ccha ,siang, ^a

Si

iffi )fS jhwa .tf'mg, flower jar. ^ ^ ,hwa .p:en. flower pot.

$H ]zf ching' ,t'ai; mirror stand.

?l% slsi man- ching'., looking glass.

lit hwa'; picture; tsar .t'siang shang' kwa' ,choh, 7/*m<7 ow-

^j|/ |^ y J -ft

3IJ -J- Cm* 'tsT, hanging sentences in pairs. [ivall.

jjfcp {?0 'cliiau .to,, foot-stool, or .ta 'chiau ,teng, /Ac s

.tuh ;slm .p-'an, a tray for pencils, inhstone, etc.

inuli-' ,kwa .pfan, a ^-a?/ o?i which is placed a fra-
cliia', 7i«^ sto?ir/. [g'ra/i/ 9?zeZo?z.

)fS kwa: -p'ing, a hanging jar ; 'k'o Ji • ,ccha ,hwar; /o?*
^; fan' ;choh; dining tolle, [holding flowers.

.c'liwangj bedstead.
,teng, lamp; kwa: ,-teng, hanging lanthorn.

44. Insects, Reptiles, etc.

ll^ -ma ,i, cm^; Ian' .pca, crawling in disorder.
^ c'heii' .c'lmng, £i«<7/ 'van .jen, ^Ae?/ Z>z7e people.
fyif mill' ,feng, honey bee; mill' 3feng ,wo, bee-hire.
^ ^u^c -ii? &oo/j worm; ?c4uh ,shu. e«£ books.
^ -llu »t''ieh, butterfly (read .tie).

.wu ,kung, centipede; 'yim .jen 'yen .tuh, £//.ey 7/ave a
yen' .yen, centipede with angular legs, [poisonous bite.
.tcsan 'chien, chrysalis of the sill' worm.
.c'han or jj|jj y$g , chili .lien, cicada or brood lornst.
^ ,sih shwai' or jlj|| llffi \rhii 'c'hti, cricket.
3E ^ tsan' .yang 'ma, hearth cricket.
451 ,c:hieii 'yin or ^pn ^^ 'c'hii shan', earth wonr...
j/C A -yung 7ho .c'hniig,//^-;/?//.
-S' 'ken tsan',/ea; hwei' pong', they jump.
,t'sang ,ying, house fi/.
.ma 'cha, ^^ ]±i .hwang .c'hnng, migratory locust.

ifc ^) 't'u ;keu, ?;ioZe cricket.

lt$C "J"* .wen 'tsi, mosquito; .wen cliang', mosquito net.

,hieh ;tsi', scorpion ; .na 'i ,pa ,ehoh .jen, /7/«?/ s//«r/ w^7/.
.t'san. silk-worm : 't:u .sV. ^rodnce sill:. \ their tail*.

87

0

; .chu .c\\\\:jidd slider.
jjjk 'vrn ,kuh .c'hung, wctvil, corn-eater
Am .ma, toad.
.paih .lier (.ling- .ri') sand-Jhj.

45.

verbs.

Abolish,
Accept,

Add, #H ,chia.
AfFecf, .Jf§

c-hir,)H fer. jConiply,

,sheu nalr.

tun<.

Amputate, )l J» .la hia'.

Ascend, _C shang'.

Ask, 59 wen' §cyau£,|fjf 't'sing.

Avoid,,

Baptize, jj{& $fc ,sln ;si.

Bathe, ^fe ^ 'si 'tsau.

Beat, tT 'ta.

Beat clothes, ^ ,shwai.

Begin

Belie ve^g sin'^g

Ultun'.kung.
1' .full

,
wan.

.wei k'wen:.

Besiege,

Bind, $ji] ^)) 'k^wun 'pang.

Boil, ^ 'chu.

Bolt, "|i 'shwan.

Burn, $s

Condemn,

tn4 tsur'.

Confess, f^, jen< tsuic.
Congratulate, ffi -&'kung 'hi.

Connect,
Conquer,

,tsieh sii;,
.teh sheng-.

Cover,

Covet,

Crack,

Crush,

Cry,

Cure,

Cut, y$

Decide,

Delay,

Deliberate, ^f S^ ,chen ,choh.

Depend on, ^ ^| {' lai'.

Descend, [^ ^ $fc chiang-

hia^ .lai.
Desire, J|| yuen:.

JH kaif shangc.
?tfan.

jp lieh-' ,k'ai.
§|yahf hwai4'.
J^ lianf.

chic 'hau. ['chiau.
.la t(7'iV7i scizzors,

tingc ,kwei.
,tan .koh.

Bury,

Buy, ^ /mai.
Calculate. J^. swan'.
Call, ^8 ^ ,chau hir.
Call out. P^ -Jang.
Can. 3^ .neng, -f^p .teh.
CaiT}>^ tai-, fg ,pau

Ceafie, jfS^ingjih

. 'chien

.niai tsaiig-'. Desist, [h fi 'eh'i chir.

| Despair, jj
| Destroy, |
Detain, ^
I Die, ^x's'
'Differ, gt
! Diminish,
:.i Direct, ^

DiScl '.^r. j

^ .tsiueh wang:.
'hwei hwai'.
.lieu ,cho.

c'hu' shr.
,cb'ha ,cho.
* 'chien 'shau
'chi 'tien.

lu; c'huh

88

.lai (also leu*).

Discuss, ^5-f !|flf pien* luir.
Disperse, ^ |ffj san' ,k'ai.
Disregard, ^p |||| .puh ku'.
Dissolve} fjf -f-ti,siau
hwa'.

Feign, fit fit -chia ts<r.

Distinguish,
Disturb,
Divide,
Divine,

^ ,fen .rning.

'chiau turig\
,fen ,k<ai.
3chan puh'.

Do, t tso*.

Draw, $L ,la, |^ ,t'o.

Drive, xE§ 'kan.

Dry, 3® ^£ shai< ,kan.

Dwell, ^£ chu£, Jg ^

chu'.

Eat, P£ ,c:hih.
Endure, ^> jj^f jen* nai:.

chti

Engrave,

Enjoy,

Enquire,

Enter,

Entice,

Entrust,

,k'eh ts?.
'hiang sheu'.
§ 'ta ,t4ing.
tsinf c'hti'.

yin 'yen.
,t'o fuc.

Finish,
Fix

'ta chia'.

^ tso' .wan.

ting' hia'.
Flatter, 3ft^feng£ .c'heng.
Fling, ^|J .jeng.
Flow, J^ .lieu.
Fly, ^,fei.

Forbid, ^ JjQ chinc 'chi'.
Forget, ^ .wang.
Freeze, /^ ^jt tung' ,pihg.
Fulfil,^ |t| .c'heng tsieu'.
Gamble, ^§ ^ 'tu .t'sien.

aing'.^p" 'chih ('kei).
c'hii', ^ 'wang.

Go, -
Grieve,
Guard,
Guess,
Help, ^

,yeu menc.
^ 'pa 'sheu.
,t'sai.
,siang ;pang.

Hide, ^ .t'sang nih'.

ir ', ffl. ,tsu, ^ lin\
Imitate, ^.hioh, 3& ^ hiau'
Jfah.

Escort, jj| ^ hu' sung-. llmform, ^ ^Ip kau:

Examine.

'k'au ,chieu.

Except, .c:hu,J/J '1 wai'.
Exert yourself, [ij ^/J ,c'huh lihc.
Expand,
Extinguish,

,shen ,k£wan.
miehc mue.
,hwun kwo4

c'hir'.
Fall,

tiau' hia'.

Fan, ^T jil 'ta shair.
Fear, ^ft pfa:.
Feed, Ppl wei;.

Injure,

,shang hai',-

^ 'sun hai'.
Instruct,^ g|l| chiauf hiiin'.
Intercept,

.tsieh .Ian.

Investigate, j|p ^.c'ha ,c'hah.

Invite, §^ 't'sing.

Kneel, ^/| kwei'.

Tie a knot/^J* ^p -J-"'ta ,chieh

'fa.

JLadle, $£ -'t'san.
iLead, fj| 5^ ;yin tau;.
Leave it there. & TJC -lieu .oho.

89

Leave a place. $jft pj .li ,k'ai.|

Lend, 7)3 tsie".

Let, \j\ ^ff ,c*huh linf.

Lie down, BJ£ ^ .mien Imr,

iff "F 'fang hia*.
Lie (falsely), gjj| §J 'hwang

hwaf.
Lift, J}I: ^g 'cliii Vhi, ^ ^E

.c'hing 7c'hi.

Look, ^|j( Vheu, ;f|f k'air'.
Look after, jfj* ]§cliauc ,ying.
Make, ^ tso".

I 'kwan ?li.

'ta yinc.

f p'eic .cho.

Manage.

Mark

Match,

May,

Measure, jg Iiangc.

Meet, T§

Mend,

Mix

Mock,

Molest, ^ .nan .wei.

Nail, -$X ting'.

Name, j|fi ^ 'c'hi .ming.

Obey,

Offend,

Oppose,

Ought, ]

Overturn,

Parch,

Peel, f Ij

Perforate,

kwo' c'hii^.

Perspire, [fj ffi ,cchuli
Plait, tT 1? Jta ,pien.
Plane.^lJ .p'au,

Pierce, JQ jcliuh, ^p .c'hvven.
Plough, ^j| .keng or ,ching.

Prepare. J§ ^ uc pei*.

•int, £p yiir'. ['tseu.

Proceed, T. pjlj ^ shang* .t'sien
Produce, [ij ,c'huh, /^ jij
jsheng ,c4iuk. fcliengc.

Produce evidence, ^| gjjE ;yin
Prosper, J®. 0£ ,hing wang\
Protect, |^: ^jj 'pan yeu\
Purifv, </& 'si.

iic .cho.
sieu.

.t'iau .ho.
hif leng(.

.tsun .tiling.
,kan fan*.
.chii chii'.
.ying ,tang.
,t'ui Jtau.
,kan ,t'ieh.
,poh p'i.

,cfhwen

Pursue

chui 'kan.

Rail at persons, fflf J\.mac.jen.

Reap, IJX , sheu, %$! 'lien.
Read, ^ .tuli.
Rebel, ^S ^L tsaus ;fan.
Receive, ^^. ^* sheu"' ,clioh.

do. JlJ ^p* tauc 'sheu.
Redeem, ^ .shuh.
Redress grievances,

.yuen.
Reduce,
Refine.
Reform,
Release,
Remove
Repay,
Repent,

Reply, |EJ ^ .hwei ,tah.
Represent, "§* ^ 'tang tso:.
Reprove, ja ^ tseh pei:.
Rest, ^ ^ ?noan sm-

'chien ,c'hing.

TFf 'kai chengf.
f^ ,k-ai ,shih.
^ /-Pan ?3Uia.
§ p:ei .hwan.
hweic 'kai.

'Retu

rn

.hwei c4auc.

'.HI

ilc \viird, jpl ; .sluing.

Ride horses. Jpj .c'hi.

Rub, Hf .1110.

Salute, Rpj j>C ''tsing ,ngan.

Scatter, ^ ||fj sair ,k'ai.

Scoop, ^f§j wah'.

See, ?jj[ ^f& k'anf chieir.

Seize, ^ ;|f .na ,cho.

Send, ^T fjt 'ta ,fah, ^ f^

, shau sin'.

Serve, I
Shake,
Shave,
Shut, f
Sing, P

shr feu'.

.yau,
t'i'.

c/han

'ten.

.yen ?sai

or sell.

Sit down, jfe ~f* tscr hia\
Slap on the face, ^T [^ [

-y* 'ta 'tsui pa( 'tsT.
Smear, ^ .t'u, Pg" ,pfen.
Smile, t*£ ^ .han siau'.
Smuggle, fjfj ^t ,tfeu shuic.
Snuff candle, jl* ^ ^^ ^

,chiah c'hii' lahc ,hwa.
Soothe, ^ jjj& ,ngan wei:.
Speak, fp£ f§ ,shwoh hwa'.
Spend, -fj fl3 fei* yung:.
^ sieir.
'sha cchiic.
'c'hi .shen.

Sprinkle,
Start, ^B
Sting, JplJ
Strike, ^1
Surrender,

.^i

Sustain. £

;ta.

.t'eu .hianjr.

i4 'tang,
'^.fah shilr.

Take, .na, J$( 't'sii.

Take up time, Jjjfc |j| .tan

wu.

Taste, -Up .c'liang.
Teach, ^ chiauc.

sif pfo£.

eu liwolr'.

se se
,s'i 'siaiig.
-'k'oh,

Tear,

Tempt,

Thank,

Think,

Thirst,

Throw, en.

Toast, ^TL k'angS ^ 'kcau.

Translate, ^ ^ ,fan r.

Treat, ^ ^ kcanc tai'.

Tremble. ^ ^f ,fah 'ten, ffi

^ ^ 'ta clianc chanc.
Try, ii §£ ^ sluc sin'

Turn back,

'chwen.
Wait, ^ 'fgl
Wake, II 's
Waken, &\- |j
Warn, ^ ^
Waste

.hwei

'ten heir'.

chiauc 'sing.
'ching chiec.
lan£ fei-.

Watch the house, ^jf ^C k'an*

,chia.

Weave, ^ ^ , chili puc.
Weep, ^ ,kcuh.
Weigh, i|p| c'heng'.
Wrap, ^ ;|f ,pau .choli.
Wring dry, ijjt ^ 'nieu ,kan.
Write,

''sc.

91
4t>. Distinctive Numeral tfctrticfw.®

j|SJ ko-, as in ' jjij /v .yih ko: .jen, a man. Also of cash,
loaves, etc. [etc.

^ 'clian, small cup. Used of lamps, tea-cups, china-trays.
Jtff ,chang, to stretch. Numeral of tables, bows. lips. etc.
3at ,chi'h. Numeral of fowls, sheep, boats.
7j% ,chi. Numeral of pencils, fifes, branches.
)&* c'liu', place. Numeral of places and houses.
3$ ,feng, £o sc«7. Numeral of letters and packets.
Zjjfc cliia', a support. Numeral of cannon.
>|K ,ken, roo£. Numeral of poles, masts, etc.
D ''kceu, mouth. Numeral of coffins, bells, water vessels.
Ty chieir, divide. Numeral of things, clothes.

ygj^>

^g> chiuenc, ro^ u^>- Numeral of pictures.

tri-g

TJsR 'k'o, sma^ /^eac?. Numeral of pearls and grain.
^f ,kfo, rank; order. Numeral of trees.
^§* 'kwaii, p/p<?. Numeral of fifes, pencils.
j^| k-wai:, a piece of. Numeral of dollars, stones, etc.
^ ''ling, neck. Numeral of mats, blinds, etc.
JU mierr,/ace. Numeral of flags, drums, etc. ,c:ha shangc
.c'hi HsT, set ujj a flay. [chairs.

ffi 'pa, handful. Numeral of knives, mallets, clubs, spoons,
^ 'pen, root. Numeral of books, account books.
(75 'p'ih, to pair. Numeral of horses, mules, etc.

JLfe

|^ P'U'J to spread out. Numeral of beds and couches.

-$p pir, step. Used of situations. Chec pir ,t£ien ti:, such

a position as this.

ffi 'so, place. Numeral of houses. [hundred coivs.

B}| .t'eif, heap. Used of aminals. .San 'paih .tfeu ,nieu, three
^ .t'iau, sprout branch. Numeral of collars, clubs, ropes,

dogs, dragons, snakes, fishes, roads, doctrines, etc.
Tj| 'ting, summit. Numeral of hats, sedan chairs.
yfc 'to. Numeral of flowers.

* These particles are used to connect a number with its noun, when that
noun represents an individual thing, i. e. when it is an appellative noun. There
are about forty such particles, and of these arbitrary usage determines which
shall be employed with any noun.

J5I to*. Numeral of walls.

jjf|ft twair, orderly. Numeral of things, affairs.

M?.tso:, a seat. Numeral of inns, temples, hills, etc.

"•)£ .wen. Numeral of copper cash.

Jg .wei, tail. Numeral of fishes.

"fjf wei', se«£. Numeral of scholars, mandarins, teachers.

Significant Numcratives. *

:?H .c-.hang, a sheet q/"paper, skin, flat thin cakes,

'liang jdiang .chuh 'ch'i, two sheets of bamboo paper.
l|?. .c-'he. a carriage load or barrow load of wood, lime,

bricks, etc.

^/f .che, &fold of paper. .
JSJL chen', a jjwstf or &wrs£ of wind, rain, hail ( pauc ?tsT), or

thunder. ^T J — !*$• HT '^a ^^au 7m °hen: .lei, there
"$. ,chohj a table of rice. [ivas a burst of thunder.

i)vE chuc, a s^'cA; o/ incense.
$g .c'liwen, a Z^oa^ Zo«^ of anything. ^ 7 ~ ^ K 'H

.lai 'liau yih( .c-hwen .hien .ti, a boat of salt Jish has come.
ityg .-J-* .fuh 'tsi, &fold of cloth, of blinds, of curtains.
^J' .feug, a sealed packet of letters, etc.
£p| 'hiang, a /tecr,^ of silver.
(If Jk(eu, a mouthful of rice, etc.
[«j ,chien, an apartment of a house.
'pj chu(, a sentence of books, words.
jjj| kSvai(, '<i piece of land, cake.
j^jfj .k'wen, & faggot or bundle of wood, string.
V/S lieu', a stream or £rac£ of water, land, etc.
^i lilr, a r/rat'^ of corn, etc. ,

^ pa', a handful of rice, etc.
^ ,pau, a bundle of sugar, clothes, etc.
H£ .p'iau, a scoop of water, etc. [of houses.

j1^- ,p:ien, & piece of land, water, clouds, snow; a collection

* These words are used to connect numbers with material nouns or with
other nouns, when a part of them needs to be spoken of. Significant numera-
tives are definite or indefinite. Those which are definite are weights and mea-
sures. Those which are indefinite are here exemplified.

m

JUj p'ieir'. a piece of writing or of a book.

/£ 'p-ih, a piece of cloth.

J$J .sili, a mat, a feast, a -party of guests.

JH slmrr, a fan, fold of a door.

•^ 'sheu, a hand covered with blood, earth, etc.

•^ j\j> 'sheu .sin, a handful of rice, etc.

;jj| .t-'ai, a Zoad (carried by two persons) of anything:.

Jffi tar, a £mc£ of land, water, streets, clouds, etc.

Jjjjl tan-', a load (carried by one person) of anything.

^ tauc, a, path or stream of light.

§| .t"'eu, a head or f nd of string.

$fc ,t;iau, a load (carried by one person).

f^ .t-'iau, a length of anything.

ty}j .t'ieh, apiece of plaister. of gold leaf, etc.

jf$ 'tien, a dot, a little of.

jfc .tco, a heap of salt, of cash; a cake of pastry, etc.

$5 t:o. a /;«?/, made by winding; a cake of pastry, etc.

ip| tun*, a meal o/'rice, etc. a beating (with 'ta, to strike.)

%fe .tui, a heap of earth, fruit, stones; croztfc?ofrnen, animals.

U) t-wan, anything round, a ball of hair, hemp, silk.

^ .t'san, a meal. [cloth.

^ .tfseng, a story of pagodas, towers; thickness of paper,

^ tsieh, a joint or subdivision of anything as of bamboo, a

whip, a finger, the spine.
^L .wan, a pill of medicine.
5J^ wer. taste, kind, of medicine, food, etc.

48. Weights, Measures. Vessels, and other definite divisions.

=H 'chan, small cup.

]J|!j chair, a stage on a journey; in Kiang-nan 90 II or 30

English miles; in North China a distance varying between

GO and 130 li.

§H ,chang leaf of a book, of paper, of gold leaf; a single skin.
J|L ,chang, section of a book.
~fc chang'', ten feet, or 141 inches English.
^ c'haou', the 1000th port of a ,sheng or pinf.

ill

ffi c'heng4, 10 catties' or pounds' 'weight.

/v Vhih, Chinese foot', 14 inches and one-tenth English.

TJjJt .c'lm, a wardrobe; look-case.

{§, -J-* ,chung 'ts'i, a c«p.

^y" ;fen, a candareen or tenth part of a mace: one cent;
o/ an inch ; a minute.

^ .hau, a small measure of length; tenth of a li.
|S hia', a stroke of the clock; an hour.

pR -f* .hia 'tsi, a small box.

H5C hieh.^ -f* 'hwei 'tsi', ^ JT£ 'hwei .ii? ( 'hwur, in north-
ern Chiria7) an instant of time.

^g .hu, a tea pot or ivine pot.

^ ,lmli, IQthpart of a hau.

^ .huh. /ye few.

B.jTh', (%.

liX j^ang, a large vessel for holding water, and other liquids.

jll jkctig (,ching in the north), a watch, 5th part of a night;
counted from night-fall to day-break.

5^l] .k'eh, quarter of an hour.

)j* .cliiu, a catty, or 1| Hb. English.

^ 'c'hing, 100 men of land.

Tg 'chioh, a drinking horn, a 7/orw of wine; 'chiauh, 4th of
anything, corner.

^ chiiien:, chapter of a book. [ handful.

^ hohf, tenth of a sheng or pint; in northern usage, a

tj ,kung, a l)oii}, (as a measure for land) five feet.

Tif cliii', a sentence.

ifiji kwan:, a pitcher; a pot.

'Ja -J-* ,kSvang 'tsi, a basket.

flfl kwei", a wardrobe; cupboard.

^^ .kwoh, a frying pew*

^ .Ian, a basket.

:g| 'leu, a hamper (with a small mouth).

HL 'li, Chinese wzYe, ird of an English mile.

f|f .li, 10^ pari of a fen: 100th part of an inch.

pff ''liang, a tad; Is oz: sixteenth of a catty, or 1-1 2th of a ft>.

SX ?meu, 'inn, 240 square pw, or 6,400 square Chinese feet.
ffi 'miau, a second.
£f> .nien, a year.

jj]2 .p'an, a plate, or tray of earthenware or wood.
:J§L .p'eti, disk; bowl; basin.
peng', an earthen pitcher.
3n£ ,pei, a wine cup.
f^ p'iau, a cocoa-nut scoop.
jjJl .p'ing, a bottle; vase.
/E 'p'ih, 40 feet of cloth.
^j? puc. five feet, used in "measuring land.
ff£ , shah, an instant (southern).
I)|p] 'shang, a forenoon or afternoon.
"0" 'sheu, a piece of poetry.

ffi jsheng, a pint measure (of rice l£ catty in the north).
[if; sh'r', a generation; an age; tliirty years.
B$ .sin, B^ J^ .shi .c-hen, B^ $£ .slu heu£, an hour; two

English hours.
>$EJ .siang, a chest; box,

jjjfc ,si, \QQth part of a .hau; l()th part of a huh(.
,^ sui:, a year.
^* ,sau, a bucket.
/f\J tai:, a generation.

\ tan', a pecul; one hundred catties; 1331 English pounds.

I .fan, a pitcher.

I fang', a column of characters.

" 'ten, ten pints or sheng.

: "X! -tieli 'tsi, a plate.

•.

; .t'icn, a day.

I Tpit .tsieh Gchie} solar term; 24th of a solar year.

5 .t'sicn, a mace; tenth of an ounce or tael ('liang); a

piece of coined money.

{ J-'soli, lOO^A of a sheng QY pint.

' t:sun:, a Chinese inch; 1-175 of an English inch,

$fj 'Tung, a barrel; cask or bucket.
^f§ weng', a large water vessel.
J^S 'wan, a small basin.
%$ yeh(, a leaf of a book.
/J yuelr, a month.

49. Collectives.

,chi 'ts'i, a branch of flowers, of a family, of an army.
rp c'hwen', a chain of cash, beads, pearls.

H(J fuf, a pair* or se£ of antithetical sentences, of ear-rin^s.
^_

TT -hang, a rcm/; of trees, of parallel threads. .

^fg .hu, a quiver of arrows.

9ffi Jhwo, a company of men.

JpL .chiiin, cm army.

tyb 7u kfwais ,ii. the whole of a thing.

ji| kwaiic, a chain of gold, precious stones or pearls.

^ .c'hitin, a flock or herd of sheep, cattle, wolves.

Jtt 'ku, share in trade, division of an army; breeze of wind.

^p .p'ai, a ro/fc of timber, bamboo.

Btt , pan, a -se^ of men; rank of soldiers.

)hf" p'ieir, a splinter ; collection of building.

3§f ,shwang, & pair of shoes, chopsticks (kcwaitf Hsi).

^ tai£, a tract of land.

^7? ,tau, parcel of 100 or more sheets of paper.

^ t;au% a covering; cover of books, (several stitched volumes

placed together in a loose cover are called a t'au.)
^j| .c'hi, banner. JH 5J5 — ' ^ .shuh ;nayih: .c4ii, to ivhich

banner does he belong?
Ijjjfc .tsuh, kindred.

\^i tui', a party of five or more soldiers.
^j* tui\ a pair.

4~), Auxiliary Nouns of Quality.

$8 'chung, sort of men; portion of silver. ^H ^| /V che;
'chung .jen. this sort of men.

Liang-', part of ; sort of. ® —
T--3S- W S i8' ^ "5^ 'Bv cliei -yih hiang*' -tSsien >shr
ku; .c'hwen ,tih,— ua-' .yili hiang* .t''sien shr kii' ,cche 'ts'i
,tih, tliis part of the money is to Jure a boat, and that to
hire a cart, jig — ' Jf| ifl fpj die* .yili liiaug' shi< .t:sing,
tliis sort of thing.

^f .,kan, stem; sort of. ftfc iPI X J£ "^ ff A ,t-a aucu
yeuc slfi^ yili; ,kan Jen, #7*cy are another sort of people.

^fjf lei\, sort of. ^ ^ — ' SR $& A -P1^1 s^1<: -J*^1 ^i"' ?tih
.Jen, he is not the same sort of man.

^ .pan, the same in kind, sort of; jg ^C 3lfc J^f c1lit" jpau
,kwang 'cliing, this sort of appearance.

^ yangS Itind of; ig ^ A pp che: yang-' .jon 'pun. /A^
/;I?K/ of men.

,34. Numeral Part ides to Verbs.

$$ ,ian, ^o ^wrw over. %. ^ — ' f|$) ^J5 f yen* shic yih;
,fan .lai ''liau, he is come once more.

|> hia*, numeral of strokes. ^T } zn p ^ 7ta ?^ai1 ;Srt11
liia* .chuno-, it lias struck three times.

' t. -r^ >Csw -r?»

"^ -J-liwei^ 'ts'i, a meeting.^ J "W "T* c^lli" '^au O'^1

hwei' Jtsi, 7ie lias gone once.
5§ pieir', to go completely round; numeral of seeing.

PPj j|g .t'siau kwo' 'liang ,pien, / have looked through it
3§ t^'ang1-', a time', numeral of any action. [twice.

3H ,tsau, numeral of revolutions; as of oxen grinding, the sun

revolving.
^ t;sr. repetition] numeral of any action.

5. Phrases at an Inn J£ tieii'.

:^'dii tsing; ,^'u .ts'i, c* cZe«w apartment.

, shau kcang

cnu ?chi tanv boil eggs.

,tsien .yang jou^yV// mutton
!.un- .dii, stew /bi^.

$J ^^ liul ting' chang, &'//oe Me liorsc.
J|L ^f wei: 'tSsau liau'j/m? 7m/i zt/vY/* straw and cor//.
P BH; jf sheng 'k'eu wer ;liau, £7*e animals art fed.
|i| .fang .t'sien, money for lodging.
JPi Hxl 'ta jelling ,tih, £7*e watchman.
Jl rfe ^ keangc sliaug1 tsoc 7cho; sitting on the brick
bedplace.

^ ''k-wim sliang-' ,pfu kai1', tic up the bedding.
,pcu juh* 5tsi, S2)read out the mattrass.
?ta ,k'ai pel', unloose the coverlid.
3$£ JLl J^jl "j 'sa sliang4 to* .tsi, pack the pack saddle.

g ten- ,tsi, millet and beans.

APPENDIX I.

Tones of the Peking dialect.

1. Words in the first tone class, K ^f shang p'ing, take
the upper quick falling inflection; by the falling inflection
being meant the tone of commands in English. But this be-
comes the upper even monotone, in combination with another
word following. If a word of this class stands last without
the accent, it assumes the lower quick even monotone, as in
y^ jftg wai* ,pien, outside.

2. Words in the second tone class, r, Tjlj^ shang sheng,
take the lower quick or slow rising inflection. The rising in-
flection is in English the tone of questions. When two words
of this class are placed together, the former takes the upper
quick rising inflection, as in jr/fc jfe 'si Mien, wash the face.

3. Words in the third tone class,-^ 81*: c'lui sheng, take
the lower quick falling inflection, or occasionally the lower
slow falling circumflex, which first falls arid afterwards
rises. When two words of this class are placed together, the
last is pitched high, and becomes the upper quick falling
inflection.

4. Words in the fifth class,"~P ^f hiti p'ing, take the up-
per quick rising inflection, or occasionally the npp<T quick

rising circumflex, which is a double inflection, first rising and
then falling.

5. Words belonging primarily to the fourth tone class, ^A
|^ juh sheng, are, in the spoken dialect, distributed among
the other tone-classes in the following manner: —

Old tone-class.

Initial letter.

Peking tone-class.

Upper juh sheng.

k, t, p, s.
ts, ch, h, w, y.

Upper p'ing .sheng Jt ^f

.Lower juh sheng.

k, t, p, s.
ts, ch, h.

Lower p'ing sheng ~p ^

Lower juh sheng.

1, m, n.

i> w? y-

•i* tjfr cchu sheng.

This is the general law, but the exceptions are very
numerous, and they admit, for the most part, of reduction
to a few subordinate laws, which here follow, numbered 6 to 9.

6. Many upper juh sheng words, principally substantives,
with the initials k, t, etc. and accustomed to be pronounced
alone, are heard in the second tone or shang sheng, * e. g. ]]J[
'hie, blood; (4 'pai, a hundred; IJg 't'ieh, iron;f^ Vhi', a

foot; $fc 'pel, north ;9$s?'i€a,, a pagoda ;^I 'chiau,/oo£; ifl
'pi, pencil. Many words whose usual tone is the first, take
JL ^ shang sheng for a special sense, as |Sj,c'hu, crooked,
but Vliil, a song.

7. Words taken from the book language, and not used to
be pronounced singly, or not themselves thoroughly colloquial,
prefer the third tone or •^ jjj^ c4iti sheng; e. g. }$ft(&fpwr-
posely; ?^cchiue, true'ffi so, new moon;^ she, to place;
^j> k'e, a guest] When a word has the first tone for a com-
mon colloquial sense, as !|| ,ko, to place, it often prefers -^
2§£ c'hii sheng, for another sense it may bear in combination,
as §/t i)^ ,tan ko:, to remain anywhere for sometime^.

8. Certain syllables have a preference for the fifth tone, or

* Words needing to be pronounced singly would naturally adopt the second
tone, which, in Peking, is enunciated with particular distinctness.

10(1

~|\ 2p jAja p-inar, o. g. chu. chi. chi. fu. ko. ise. to, fl?g fa,
Jiappin-pss; 'fa teh. /o obtain, etc.

9. The reading tone of many juh sheng words, which obey
the preceding laws, is -J- 2^ c'hii sheng ; and this is espe-
cially true of those" that are colloquially attached to the first
and fifth tone classes; all such, when used in poetry, are read
with the intonation of c/hii sheng. In poetry, juh sheng
words are all transferred to c'hti sheng, except a few found in
shang sheng.

10. Words arrange themselves in groups of two, three and
four, regulated by accent. The accent falls usually on the last
word in a combination of two; on the second and fourth in a
combination of four; and on the first and last in a combina-
tion of three. But when, as often occurs, two sounds are so
closely combined as to become one dissyllabic word, the accent
is on the first; e. g. ^jjf Jjf .shen ,mo; tohat? ^ 'JPJ 'wo
.men, we.

11. When the accent is on the first of two sounds forming
a dissyllabic word, or the one significant and the other enclitic,
the last loses its proper tone, and assumes that ofJti* shang
p'ing. the first tone class. This is the reason that the proper
tone of the following, among many more common words, viz.
;ff .cho, .chau, it is 8o;fa .ri, son ;\ |.nien, door ;$j{ .t'eu,
head ;Jj% 'mo, interrogative particle,^ .ni, interrogative par-
ticle, ~f* 'tsY, -scwyfff .t'sing, thing; l^flo, final particle ; ^
.ye, father; ^ .lai, come; ^ 'lau, old ; /fjl| kof, a particle,
is in the Peking dialect habitually exchanged for r. ^shang
p;ing, in certain familiar combinations; e. g.

*j§ ^ .lieu ,cho, leave it there.
fnj II -}ra jttien, mandarin office.
J^ B^ "]i .t'eu, within.

~£ ^ qau ytsi} father.

'Ipj shr jt'sing, thine/'

^ lau ,ye, aged sir; a common title of address to man-
IB] ^ .hwei .lai, come back. [darins.

f/)\ ^ 'ni .lau. you •;»// old friend.

12. The initials k. t. p, eh, and t.s, arc always aspirated
in the fifth tone-class, except when the words to which they
belong are derived from A HB juh sheng.

13. The presence of the initials 1, m, n, r, j, in the first
tone-class, is limited to words which are exclusively colloquial,
or affected in tone by the particular position of the accent, as
explained in law 12.

14. The suffix 7^ .ri, attached to the substantives and
other words very extensively in the north, is frequently ab-
sorbed into the word to which it is attached. The final letters
n, ng, and the vowels are then exchanged for r, while the lone
of the word is kept and that of the suffix is lost

Normal form.

Colloquial form.

Observations.

A H -Jen ,n

,jer

e as in French le.

i| U -t'sien ,ri

.t'sier

e as in mercy.

1$ H 'ping 5"'

'pier

e as in mercy.

^ 7Jl jt'ien .ri

,t'ier

e as in mercy.

$& li '>s'i ,r'i

.ser

e as in French le.

|^ ^J k:waic ,ri'

kcwair-

II IF l£ ,chi 'ts'i ,ri

.chi ''tser

e as in French le.

^i 5i 'pan ?ri

'par

a as in art.

M, T& ?feng ,ri (or ,fung)

,foer

e as in mercy as/or

15. The words — * i, one, and J* pu, not, vary their tone
according to their position in the collocation of words to which
they belong. Before a word in -J* ^c'hti sheng they prefer
hia p'ing. Before shang p'ing, shang sheng, or hia p'ing,
they take the c'hii sheng intonation, and when standing last
they are heard in the first tone, e. g.^f* ^ .pu sh'i', it is not
so;^ ^J5 pu*' .lai, lie. did not come; $} ' ,cchu .1, the first
day of the month.

Observations.

These laws serve for Tientsin as well as Peking, except that

tlio th-st tone-class receives the lower slow even tone, and the
third or c'lrii sheng, the upper quick falling inflection.

In the distribution of the juh sheng words among the other
tone-classes, there is little difference between the usage of
Peking and Tientsin.

The student is recommended to verify these fifteen laws, with
the aid of a native and Mr. Wade's very useful Peking sylla-
bary. The tones there assigned to juh sheng words will be
found to be, in many instances, irregular and uncertain. This
is on account of the transition state of these words. Thus,
fe> ty i *H7 chi, si, si, belonging to~~P ^Ahia juh, should be
in p ^p hia p'ing by law 5. But they are placed in the
syllabary under JL \* shang p'ing. A Pekinese whom I con-
sulted transferred them at once to~~[^ ^p hia p'ing. In such
cases, the difference of authorities indicates that a transition
is taken place, and the law of change tells us which sound
will ultimately prevail.

I am happy here to take the opportunity of referring to
assistance, which I derived from suggestions by Mr. William
Stronach in regard to some of the preceding laws.

II.

Tones of the Nanking dialect.

1. Words in the first tone class take for their distinctive
intonation, the lower slow monotone, or sometimes the lower
slow falling inflection, which consists of a slide of the voice
downwards.

2. Words in the second tone class, K 21£: shang sheng,
take the lower slow rising inflection, or to express the thing
differently, in enunciating them the voice slides upwards.

3. Words in the class known as ^ Trf c'hii sheng, take
the quick falling inflection.

4. Words in the fourth class, or/V Tgf: juh sheng, are short
in time.

5. Words in the fifth class, or p ^ hia p'ing, take the
upper quick rising inflection.

103
EEL

Tones at Chefoo (Fuji-shan h-ien) (Ycn-t'ai).

1. Words in Jt ^ shang p'ing, the first tone take the
lower slow rising inflection.

2. Words in the second tone-class Jt, 7%f. sliang slieng,
take the upper quick rising inflection.

3. The third class^ ^c'hii sheng, takes the upper quick
falling inflection.

4. The class called p ^f hia p'ing, takes for its intona-
tion the lower quick falling inflection.

5. Words of the fourth class or juli sheng are distributed
principally among the second and fifth classes ; those of the
upper division, or r, y\ sliang juh, preferring shang sheng,
while such as are in the lower division, p /V hia juh, are
usually found in ~f> ^P ^'d P^ug'-

~

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